One-carbon bioconversion based on microbial electrosynthesis

LI Yixin; DONG Rong; XIE Yinuo; WANG Yuanpeng; CAO Mingfeng

doi:10.12211/2096-8280.2025-078

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One-carbon bioconversion based on microbial electrosynthesis

Invited Review | 更新时间：2026-07-03

- One-carbon bioconversion based on microbial electrosynthesis
- Synthetic Biology Journal Vol. 7, Issue 3, Pages: 514-534(2026)
- 作者机构：
  
  1.华侨大学化工学院生物工程与技术系/先进碳转化技术研究院，福建厦门 361021
  2.厦门大学化学化工学院化学工程与生物工程系，厦门市合成生物技术重点实验室，福建厦门 361001
- 作者简介：
- 基金信息：
- DOI：10.12211/2096-8280.2025-078
  CLC： Q816
- Received：30 July 2025，
  
  Revised：2025-10-18，
  
  Published：30 June 2026
- 稿件说明：
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李逸鑫，董蓉，解一诺，王远鹏，曹名锋. 基于微生物电合成的一碳生物转化［J］. 合成生物学， 2026， 7（3）： 514-534

LI Yixin， DONG Rong， XIE Yinuo， WANG Yuanpeng， CAO Mingfeng. One-carbon bioconversion based on microbial electrosynthesis［J］. Synthetic Biology Journal， 2026， 7（3）： 514-534
李逸鑫，董蓉，解一诺，王远鹏，曹名锋. 基于微生物电合成的一碳生物转化［J］. 合成生物学， 2026， 7（3）： 514-534 DOI： 10.12211/2096-8280.2025-078.

LI Yixin， DONG Rong， XIE Yinuo， WANG Yuanpeng， CAO Mingfeng. One-carbon bioconversion based on microbial electrosynthesis［J］. Synthetic Biology Journal， 2026， 7（3）： 514-534 DOI： 10.12211/2096-8280.2025-078.

摘要

微生物电合成（microbial electrosynthesis， MES）是一项具有广阔前景的技术，主要依赖微生物通过阴极提供的电子将二氧化碳转化为增值化学品。然而，目前对MES的机制分析以及不同底物的一碳转化利用尚存在一定的局限性。因此，研究不同类型的MES装置，并根据其特性提供适宜的底物一碳生物转化路径至关重要。此外，各类MES装置及其基本原理也会影响纳米材料的选择与其强化机制。本文通过对不同MES装置及其核心基本原理的分析，探讨了不同生物一碳转化路径的优缺点，同时研究了纳米材料在MES过程中的强化机制，以期提高MES的效率，因为纳米颗粒在电子转移中对功能基因的表达起着重要作用。尽管MES目前仍处于初步开发阶段，其法拉第效率、底物转化路径及产物合成效率相对较低，但依然是未来最具潜力的二氧化碳转化技术，对推动低碳未来的可持续生物技术战略具有重要意义。

Abstract

Microbial electrosynthesis (MES) stands as a cutting-edge and promising technology that harnesses the metabolic capabilities of microbial cells to drive the conversion of carbon dioxide (CO

) into a diverse range of value-added chemicals

with electrons derived from the cathode serving as the critical reducing power. This innovative approach not only offers a potential solution to mitigate anthropogenic CO

emissions

but also presents a sustainable route for the production of high-value compounds

bridging the gap between environmental remediation and industrial biotechnology. However

despite the significant progress made in recent years

several key limitations persist in MES. A major hurdle lies in the incomplete mechanistic understanding of underlying processes

particularly regarding intricate interactions between the microbial cells and electrode surfaces

as well as precise regulatory mechanisms governing electron uptake and carbon fixation. Additionally

the efficient utilization of one-carbon conversion pathways from various substrates remains a challenge

with many pathways exhibiting suboptimal activities or being restricted to specific substrates

thereby limiting the versatility and applicability of MES systems. Given these constraints

a comprehensive analysis of different MES devices and their operational characteristics is of paramount importance. Each device configuration

whether single-chamber

dual-chamber

or more advanced designs

possesses unique features that influence mass transfer

electron transfer

and microbial growth. By gaining a deep understanding of these device-specific properties

researchers can tailor and optimize one-carbon bioconversion pathways to match the

requirements of different substrates

thereby maximizing the overall efficiency and productivity of MES systems. This customization of pathways based on device characteristics represents a crucial step towards unlocking the full potential of MES. Furthermore

the selection and implementation of nanomaterials in MES systems are closely intertwined with the design and basic principles of the MES devices. Nanomaterials

with their unique physicochemical properties such as high surface area

excellent conductivity

and tunable surface functionalities

have emerged as promising modifiers to enhance MES performance. However

the effectiveness of nanomaterials is highly dependent on the specific device architecture and operational parameters. For instance

in devices with mass transfer limitation

nanomaterials that facilitate electron transfer at the electrode-microbe interface may be more beneficial for providing the driving force

whereas in systems microbial adhesion is a limiting factor

nanomaterials that promote biofilm formation could faciliate the process. Thus

a thorough analysis of the interplay between MES devices

nanomaterials

and their strengthening mechanisms is essential to develop synergistic strategies for efficiency enhancement. In this context

we delve into the analysis of various MES device configurations

elucidating their core operational principles and highlighting their respective advantages and limitations. Concurrently

we evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of different biological one-carbon conversion pathways

considering factors such as energy requirements

carbon flux distribution

and product specificity. Moreover

we explore the multifaceted roles of nanomaterials in augmenting MES efficiency

with a particular focus on their ability to modulate extracellular electron transfer (EET) processes. Nanoparticles have been shown to exert significant effects on the expression of functional genes involved in EET

thereby enhancing the electron uptake capacity of microbial cells and promo

ting more efficient communication between the microbes and electrodes. Despite the current challenges

including low Faradaic efficiencies

suboptimal substrate conversion rates

and limited product synthesis yields that relegate MES to the early stages of development

the technology holds immense promise as one of the most viable CO

conversion strategies for the future. Its inherent sustainability

coupled with the potential for integration with renewable energy sources to power the electrochemical reactions

positions MES as a key player in the transition towards a low-carbon economy. By addressing the existing limitations through interdisciplinary research that combines microbiology

electrochemistry

materials science

and metabolic engineering

MES has the potential to make a substantial contribution to advancing sustainable biotechnology strategies and realizing a more environmentally benign and resource-efficient future.

关键词

Keywords

references

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