Research Advances on Artificially Synthesized Carbohydrates Driven by CO<sub>2</sub> and Its C<sub>1 </sub>Derivatives

GE Tongling; YU Bo; CAI Tao

doi:10.12211/2096-8280.2026-048

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Research Advances on Artificially Synthesized Carbohydrates Driven by CO₂ and Its C₁Derivatives

更新时间：2026-07-24

- Research Advances on Artificially Synthesized Carbohydrates Driven by CO₂ and Its C₁Derivatives
- CO₂及其C1产物驱动的人工合成碳水化合物的研究进展
- Synthetic Biology Journal Pages: 1-19(2026)
- 作者机构：
  
  1.中国科学院天津工业生物技术研究所，人工合成淀粉研究中心，天津 300308
  2.中国科学院大学，北京 100049
  3.低碳合成工程生物学全国重点实验室，天津 300308
- 作者简介：
  
  yubo@tib.cas.cn
- 基金信息：
- DOI：10.12211/2096-8280.2026-048
  CLC：
- Received：28 May 2026，
  
  Revised：2026-07-16，
  
  Online First：24 July 2026，
- 稿件说明：
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葛同玲，于博，蔡韬. CO₂及其C1产物驱动的人工合成碳水化合物的研究进展［J］. 合成生物学， 2026， 7. DOI： 10.12211/2096-8280.2026-048

GE Tongling， YU Bo， CAI Tao. Research Advances on Artificially Synthesized Carbohydrates Driven by CO₂ and Its C₁Derivatives［J］. Synthetic Biology Journal， 2026， 7. DOI： 10.12211/2096-8280.2026-048
葛同玲，于博，蔡韬. CO₂及其C1产物驱动的人工合成碳水化合物的研究进展［J］. 合成生物学， 2026， 7. DOI： 10.12211/2096-8280.2026-048 DOI：

GE Tongling， YU Bo， CAI Tao. Research Advances on Artificially Synthesized Carbohydrates Driven by CO₂ and Its C₁Derivatives［J］. Synthetic Biology Journal， 2026， 7. DOI： 10.12211/2096-8280.2026-048 DOI：

摘要

淀粉、糖等碳水化合物是重要的食物组分和工业原料。随着全球碳中和目标的推进以及粮食安全保障需求的提升，从二氧化碳直接合成碳水化合物，已成为二氧化碳资源化利用和保障粮食安全的重要潜在途径之一。本文系统总结了近十年来二氧化碳人工合成碳水化合物的研究进展，重点分析了催化剂设计理念、关键酶改造及代谢途径构建策略，并对比了化学与生物路线的技术潜力与应用局限。当前该领域已发展了化学、体外多酶级联和微生物细胞工厂等多种催化体系。在化学催化方面，近年来随着催化剂设计的精细化和反应条件的优化，反应的选择性与转化效率得到显著提升，但仍面临催化剂寿命短、生成高浓度甲醛困难及糖的选择性差等瓶颈；体外多酶级联体系和微生物细胞工厂体系则在合成单糖、寡糖和淀粉等碳水化合物中展现出高选择性优势，但仍受限于代谢通量不足、中间产物毒性、酶成本高及辅酶再生困难等问题。最后讨论了当前领域面临的如化学选择性低、酶底物耐受性差、辅酶/能量成本高等核心瓶颈，并展望未来的研究热点，如高效催化剂的构建、酶改造、辅酶/能量再生系统设计等，为碳中和背景下的可持续碳水化合物生产提供理论和实践参考。

Abstract

With the advancement of global carbon neutrality strategies and the increasing demand for food security and sustainable supply

traditional methods of carbohydrate production based on natural photosynthesis face several fundamental limitations. These include limited land resources

strong climate dependence

and low energy efficiency. Carbon dioxide (CO

)

a major greenhouse gas

is an abundant

non-toxic

and readily available C

resource. Converting CO

into key C

intermediates

such as carbon monoxide (CO)

methanol

formaldehyde

and formic acid

and subsequently extending the carbon chain to synthesize carbohydrates (C

)

provides a promising strategy to overcome the temporal and spatial constraints of agricultural production. This approach also creates new opportunities for the high-value utilization of C

resources and the establishment of an artificial carbon cycle. This review systematically summarizes the development of multiple catalytic pathway

including chemocatalytic system

in vitro multi-enzyme cascade systems

and microbial cell factory–based approaches. In the chemocatalytic system

substantial progress has been achieved through increasingly sophisticated catalyst design and systematic optimization of reaction conditions

which have significantly improved CO

conversion efficiencies and product selectivities. Neverthless

several critical challenges remain unresolved

including limited lifetimes of catalyst

difficulties in generating and stabilizing high concentrations of formaldehyde

and insufficient selectivity toward specific carbohydrates. By contrast

in vitro

multi-enzyme cascade systems and microbial cell factories have demonstrated outstanding selectivity and structural precision in the synthesis of monosaccharides

oligosaccharides

and even starch-like polymers. These biologically inspired routes benefit from the inherent specificity of enzymes and metabolic pathways

allowing fine control over carbon–carbon bond formation and stereochemistry. However

their large-scale application is still constrained by several factors

such as insufficient metabolic flux

toxicity of reactive intermediates

high costs associated with enzyme production and purification

and the complexity of cofactor regeneration and energy supply. This article provides a comprehensive review of research progress over the past decade in the artificial synthesis of carbohydrates from CO₂. Particular emphasis is placed on catalyst design principles in chemical systems

strategies for enzyme engineering and performance enhancement

and the construction and optimization of synthetic metabolic pa

thways. A systematic comparison between chemical and biological routes is presented

highlighting their respective technological potentials

intrinsic limitations

and suitability for different application scenarios. Finally

the key bottlenecks currently hindering the practical implementation of CO₂-to-carbohydrate technologies are critically discussed. Future research directions are outlined

including hybrid chemo–bio systems

integration with renewable energy inputs

and scalable process design. These perspectives aim to provide both theoretical insights and practical guidance for the sustainable production of carbohydrates under the overarching framework of carbon neutrality and global food security.

关键词

Keywords

references

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Related Author

LIU Long

LI Zhaofeng

LV Xueqin

YU Wenwen

GU Yang

JIANG Weihong

LI Rui

YE Wei

Related Institution

School of Food Science and Technology， Jiangnan University

School of Biotechnology， Key Laboratory of Sugar Chemistry and Biotechnology， Ministry of Education， Jiangnan University

Science Center for Future Foods， Jiangnan University

College of Life Sciences， Henan University

CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences， CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology， Chinese Academy of Sciences

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Research Advances on Artificially Synthesized Carbohydrates Driven by CO2 and Its C1 Derivatives

DOI：10.12211/2096-8280.2026-048

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Research Advances on Artificially Synthesized Carbohydrates Driven by CO₂ and Its C₁Derivatives