Research progress and prospects of synthetic biology with eukaryotic microalgae

ZHANG Xu; LU Yandu

doi:10.12211/2096-8280.2025-106

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Research progress and prospects of synthetic biology with eukaryotic microalgae

Invited Review | 更新时间：2026-05-22

- Research progress and prospects of synthetic biology with eukaryotic microalgae
- Synthetic Biology Journal Vol. 7, Issue 2, Pages: 335-356(2026)
- 作者机构：
  
  1.海洋生物活性物质与生物制品海南工程研究中心，海南海口 570228
  2.海南大学生命健康学院，海南海口 570228
  3.海南大学海洋生物与水产学院，海南海口 570228
- 作者简介：
- 基金信息：
- DOI：10.12211/2096-8280.2025-106
  CLC： Q816
- Received：26 December 2025，
  
  Revised：2026-02-28，
  
  Published：30 April 2026
- 稿件说明：
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张旭，路延笃. 真核微藻合成生物学研究进展和展望［J］. 合成生物学， 2026， 7（2）： 335-356

ZHANG Xu， LU Yandu. Research progress and prospects of synthetic biology with eukaryotic microalgae［J］. Synthetic Biology Journal， 2026， 7（2）： 335-356
张旭，路延笃. 真核微藻合成生物学研究进展和展望［J］. 合成生物学， 2026， 7（2）： 335-356 DOI： 10.12211/2096-8280.2025-106.

ZHANG Xu， LU Yandu. Research progress and prospects of synthetic biology with eukaryotic microalgae［J］. Synthetic Biology Journal， 2026， 7（2）： 335-356 DOI： 10.12211/2096-8280.2025-106.

摘要

真核微藻作为一类重要的生物资源，可以直接利用CO

和光能合成有机物，且自身就可合成多种天然产物，其作为合成生物学细胞工厂具有天然优势。然而，真核微藻的化合物合成产量较低的问题仍制约着其产业化的发展。通过代谢工程与合成生物技术改造微藻，不仅能有效提升目标产物的产量，还进一步拓宽了其可合成的天然产物范围。本文围绕几种研究较多的真核微藻种类展开讨论，从遗传元件的开发、基因编辑技术的应用和基因表达与调控策略等方面介绍了合成生物技术在真核微藻领域的研究进展。讨论了人工智能技术和多组学数据在微藻培养条件筛选以及代谢途径优化中的应用潜力，并结合实际应用展现了微藻细胞工厂在高值化合物合成方面工程化改造的结果。最后对微藻底盘细胞的应用前景和发展方向进行了展望，包括“定向微藻底盘”的构建、人工智能技术在微藻底盘设计中的应用、新型细胞器定位信号以及微藻底盘综合利用等，旨在为真核微藻合成生物学提供一定的指导。

Abstract

Eukaryotic microalgae can efficiently synthesize bioactive and functional compounds by directly utilizing carbon dioxide and light energy. While naturally possessing the ability to synthesize lipids

pigments

terpenes

and various secondary metabolites

microalgae present unique advantages in the construction of cell factories through synthetic biology. However

in practice

such a strategy still faces challenges such as relatively slow growth rates of microalgae

limited accumulation of target products

and high cultivation costs. These issues impose constraints on its large-scale production and industrial application. Metabolic engineering and synthetic biology techniques provide effective ways to enhance the performance of microalgae in response to these issues. Systematic modifications of the central metabolic network and product synthesis pathways can optimize intracellular carbon flow allocation

improve photosynthetic efficiency

and enhance the ability to synthesize target products. These measures significantly broaden the range of products that microalg

ae can synthesize. This article discusses important progress in the development of genetic elements such as promoters

terminators

and screening markers for model species such as

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

Nannochloropsis

sp.

and

Phaeodactylum tricornutum

which have been extensively studied. The successful application of genome editing technologies such as CRISPR/Cas9 in microalgae has made gene knockout

knock in

and precise regulation possible. In addition

representative metabolic regulation strategies in the field of synthetic biology are reviewed

with a particular focus on the optimization and reconstruction of metabolic networks

the application of “push-pull-block” regulation strategies and subcellular organelles engineering

as well as the supplementation of cofactors

aiming to enhance the accumulation of high-value compounds in microalgae and/or adjust the relative composition of metabolites. Moreover

the application potential of the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) technology and multi-omics data in the screening of microalgal cultivation conditions and metabolic pathway optimization is highlighted. Finally

an outlook on the application prospects and development directions of microalgae chassis cells is provided

including the construction of “directed microalgae chassis”

the application of artificial intelligence technology in microalgae chassis design

novel organelle targeting signals

and the integrated utilization of microalgae chassis

aiming to provide guidance for the synthetic biology of eukaryotic microalgae.

关键词

Keywords

references

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