木质素的生物降解和生物利用

刘宽庆; 张以恒

doi:10.12211/2096-8280.2023-062

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木质素的生物降解和生物利用

特约评述 | 更新时间：2025-04-11

- 木质素的生物降解和生物利用
- Biological degradation and utilization of lignin
- 合成生物学 2024年5卷第6期页码：1264-1278
- 作者机构：
  
  1.中国科学院天津工业生物技术研究所体外合成生物学中心，天津 300308
  2.中国科学院天津工业生物技术研究所低碳合成工程生物学（全国）重点实验室，天津 300308
  3.国家合成生物技术创新中心，天津 300308
- 作者简介：
  
  [ "刘宽庆（1984—），男，博士，研究员。研究方向为微生物生理代谢、核酸化学、蛋白合成调控。E-mail：liukq@tib.cas.cn" ]
  [ "张以恒（1971—），男，博士，研究员，中国科学院天津工业生物技术研究所低碳合成工程生物学（全国）重点实验室主任，曾任美国弗吉尼亚理工大学终身正教授。研究方向为体外合成生物学、生物制造、生物炼制和淀粉储能。E-mail：xw_zhang@tib.cas.cn" ]
- 基金信息：
  
  国家重点研发计划(2022YFC3401700;2022YFA0912300);天津市合成生物技术创新能力提升行动创新人才/团队发展项目(TSBICIP-CXRC-068)
- DOI：10.12211/2096-8280.2023-062
  中图分类号： Q819
- 收稿：2023-08-28，
  
  修回：2023-11-01，
  
  纸质出版：2024-12-31
- 稿件说明：
移动端阅览
刘宽庆，张以恒. 木质素的生物降解和生物利用［J］. 合成生物学， 2024， 5（6）： 1264-1278

LIU Kuanqing， ZHANG Yi-Heng P.Job. Biological degradation and utilization of lignin［J］. Synthetic Biology Journal， 2024， 5（6）： 1264-1278
刘宽庆，张以恒. 木质素的生物降解和生物利用［J］. 合成生物学， 2024， 5（6）： 1264-1278 DOI： 10.12211/2096-8280.2023-062.

LIU Kuanqing， ZHANG Yi-Heng P.Job. Biological degradation and utilization of lignin［J］. Synthetic Biology Journal， 2024， 5（6）： 1264-1278 DOI： 10.12211/2096-8280.2023-062.

摘要

木质素是木质纤维素的主要成分之一，按干重计约占15%～30%，全球年产量约200亿吨。木质素是由苯丙烷单元通过多种不同的碳碳键和碳氧键构成的一类芳香族高聚化合物，是高等陆生植物次生细胞壁的主要成分，赋予了植物刚性并保护植物体免受微生物的入侵。由于木质素产量巨大、可再生，近些年全球对木质素利用的兴趣持续升高。但是木质素的成分复杂，无论是其降解还是后续的利用都充满了挑战，因此目前多用作燃料。在众多木质素降解利用的方法中，生物法反应条件温和、绿色环保，近些年在绿色可持续发展的大背景下受到广泛关注。本文介绍了自然界中催化木质素降解的关键酶：漆酶、锰过氧化物酶、木质素过氧化物酶、染料脱色过氧化物酶、多功能过氧化物酶等，同时简要介绍了其催化机制。并总结了生物利用木质素类芳香族化合物过程中涉及的四个主要反应：

-脱甲基、脱羧、羟基化和双加氧酶介导的开环反应，以及相关的酶和催化机制。最后，简要介绍了利用合成生物学手段构建细胞工厂实现木质素高值利用的案例。木质素的生物降解和利用是一个极具潜力的领域，同时也存在诸多的挑战，例如转化效率低、反应时间长等。但相信随着合成生物学的迅猛发展，利用高效基因编辑和代谢工程改造提高关键酶的反应速率和代谢通路的效率、提高底盘细胞对有毒芳香族化合物的抵抗能力、维持还原力的平衡等，将有效提高木质素生物降解利用的效率，其工业应用也许在不久的将来就会实现。

Abstract

Lignin is a major component of lignocellulose

accounting for 15%-30% on a dry weight basis

with an annual yield estimated to be 20 billion tonnes. Lignin is a heterogenous aromatic polymer of phenylpropanoids linked by various C—C and C—O bonds. It is an integral component of the secondary cell wall from terrestrial plants

providing plants with rigidness and fending off microbial pathogens. The abundance and renewability of lignin has recently attracted ample interest in valorizing this readily available polymer. However

the complex nature of lignin presents a significant challenge for lignin breakdown and utilization

and at present the majority of lignin is simply burned as a fuel. Among the different methods

biological utilization of lignin has emerged as a highly attractive approach

since it proceeds under mild conditions and is generally considered environmentally friendly

especially considerin

g that environmental sustainability is trending worldwide. This review comprises three major sections. First

we will summarize key enzymes that nature has created to break down lignin

including laccase

manganese peroxidase

lignin peroxidase

dye-decolorizing peroxidase

and versatile peroxidase etc. Relevant enzymes and their catalytic mechanisms will also be briefly discussed. Second

we will review key reactions in priming and processing lignin derived aromatics before they enter microbial metabolic pathways:

-demethylation

hydroxylation

decarboxylation

and ring opening

as well as representative enzymes involved and their catalytic mechanisms. Finally

we will present engineering efforts toward biological valorization of lignin and lignin derived aromatics

which is largely driven by synthetic biology approaches. Biological valorization of lignin is undoubtedly a field full of potential

however its realization still faces several major hurdles

such as low conversion efficiency and long processing time. Nevertheless

as synthetic biology is developing rapidly

harnessing the power of genetic and metabolic engineering to improve the efficiency of lignin breakdown and utilization

microbial tolerance to toxic aromatics

and redox balance will certainly be a promising path forward

paving the way for industrial application in the near future.

关键词

Keywords

references

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