Progress on synthetic methods and applications of sialyllactose based on synthetic biology

LAI Xia; ZHANG Yanmei; ZHANG Hongtao; DU Yuguang; ZHAN Xiaobei; CHAI Wengang

doi:10.12211/2096-8280.2025-061

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Progress on synthetic methods and applications of sialyllactose based on synthetic biology

Invited Review | 更新时间：2026-09-04

- Progress on synthetic methods and applications of sialyllactose based on synthetic biology
- 基于合成生物学的唾液酸乳糖合成方法及其应用研究进展
- Synthetic Biology Journal Vol. 7, Issue 4, Pages: 852-869(2026)
- 作者机构：
  
  1.江南大学生物工程学院，糖化学与生物技术教育部重点实验室，江苏无锡 214122
  2.广西陆屋欧亚糖业有限公司，广西钦州 535417
  3.内蒙古自治区微生物代谢与绿色发酵工程重点实验室，内蒙古呼和浩特 010000
  4.中国科学院过程工程研究所，生物制药制备与递送国家重点实验室，北京 100190
  5.伦敦帝国理工学院医学院，糖科学实验室，英国伦敦 W12 0NN
- 作者简介：
- 基金信息：
- DOI：10.12211/2096-8280.2025-061
  CLC： Q815
- Received：16 June 2025，
  
  Revised：2025-09-01，
  
  Published：31 August 2026
- 稿件说明：
移动端阅览
赖霞，张燕梅，张洪涛，杜昱光，詹晓北，柴文刚. 基于合成生物学的唾液酸乳糖合成方法及其应用研究进展［J］. 合成生物学， 2026， 7（4）： 852-869

LAI Xia， ZHANG Yanmei， ZHANG Hongtao， DU Yuguang， ZHAN Xiaobei， CHAI Wengang. Progress on synthetic methods and applications of sialyllactose based on synthetic biology［J］. Synthetic Biology Journal， 2026， 7（4）： 852-869
赖霞，张燕梅，张洪涛，杜昱光，詹晓北，柴文刚. 基于合成生物学的唾液酸乳糖合成方法及其应用研究进展［J］. 合成生物学， 2026， 7（4）： 852-869 DOI： 10.12211/2096-8280.2025-061.

LAI Xia， ZHANG Yanmei， ZHANG Hongtao， DU Yuguang， ZHAN Xiaobei， CHAI Wengang. Progress on synthetic methods and applications of sialyllactose based on synthetic biology［J］. Synthetic Biology Journal， 2026， 7（4）： 852-869 DOI： 10.12211/2096-8280.2025-061.

摘要

母乳低聚糖（human milk oligosaccharide，HMO）是母乳中仅次于乳糖和脂肪的第三大固体成分，其含量可达到5～15g/L，对婴儿的生长发育有着至关重要的作用。HMO不仅能促进婴儿肠道中有益菌群（如双歧杆菌）的定植，抑制病原体附着，还能直接调节免疫系统发育，增强抗感染能力。根据其化学结构，HMO可分为中性低聚糖（如2′-岩藻糖基乳糖）和酸性低聚糖两大类，唾液酸化的HMO是其主要成分之一，并且唾液酸化人乳低聚糖（SHMO）是一类含有唾液酸残基的复杂碳水化合物，在母乳中含量丰富，尤其在初乳中占比更高。常见的SHMO包括结构相对简单的3′-唾液酸乳糖（3′-sialyllactose，3′-SL）和6′-唾液酸乳糖（6′-sialyllactose，6′-SL），以及更复杂的人乳寡糖LSTc、唾液酸乳糖-

-四糖a（LSTa）、双唾液酸乳糖-

-四糖（DLSNT）等。其中3′-SL和6′-SL是唾液酸乳糖（sialyllactose，SL）中研究最多且功能较为明确的两种成分，目前已经获得了美国食品和药物管理局（FDA）的公认安全（GRAS）批准，可以添加到婴儿配方奶粉或者其他膳食中。本文重点介绍了HMO的分类，SL的合成方法、功能与应用，并根据目前SL合成以及应用情况，提出了当前所面临的挑战和未来方向。SL不仅能够调节肠道菌群平衡，还具有抗炎、抗病毒及促进神经发育等作用，因此在医药、食品和营养补充剂等领域展现出巨大潜力。然而，SL的大规模生产仍面临诸多挑战，如合成效率低、纯化工艺复杂等。未来，随着合成生物学和代谢工程技术的发展，优化SHMO的生物合成途径、提高产量并降低成本将成为重要研究方向，以推动其在婴幼儿营养、功能性食品及药物开发中的广泛应用。

Abstract

Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) represent a cornerstone of infant nutrition

serving as a vital and irreplaceable bioactive component in human milk. As the third most abundant solid

their concentration ranges from 5 to 15 grams per liter

surpassed only lactose and fat. Their multifaceted functions form a robust defense system for infants: by fostering the colonization of beneficial bacteria like bifidobacteria

they maintain a healthy intestinal microecology

while simultaneously inhibiting pathogen adhesion to safeguard the gut barrier. Beyond the gut

HMOs directly modulate immune system development

significantly boosting infants’ anti-infection capabilities. Chemically

HMOs are categorized into neutral and acidic oli

gosaccharides

with sialylated human milk oligosaccharides (SHMOs) emerging as a standout subgroup. These complex carbohydrates

rich in sialic acid residues

are particularly concentrated in colostrum

underscoring their critical role in early infant development. Among SHMOs

′

-sialyllactose (3

′

-SL) and 6

′

-sialyllactose (6

′

-SL) have garnered extensive research attention

in addition to more complex human milk oligosaccharides

such as LSTc

sialic acid lactose-

-tetrasaccharide a (LSTa)

and disialic acid lactose-

-tetrasaccharide (DLSNT)

among others. Notably

′

-SL and 6

′

-SL have achieved GRAS status from the FDA

enabling their inclusion in infant formulas and dietary supplements. The synthesis of SL involves diverse approaches

including chemical synthesis

enzymatic catalysis

and microbial fermentation. Chemical methods

while straightforward

often face challenges like low specificity and environmental concerns. Enzymatic synthesis

leveraging sialyltransferases

offers higher selectivity but struggles with cost and scalability. Microbial fermentation

shows promise for large-scale production but requires optimization of biosynthetic pathways to enhance efficiency. In terms of applications

SL’s versatility shines across multiple domains. In infant nutrition

it mimics the natural benefits of breast milk

supporting gut health and immune development. In pharmaceuticals

its antiviral properties—by blocking pathogen entry into host cells—and anti-inflammatory effects position it as a potential therapeutic agent. Additionally

emerging research highlights its role in neurodevelopment

as sialic acid residues contribute to brain growth and cognitive function. Despite these advancements

large-scale SL production faces hurdles: low synthesis yields

complex purification processes

and high production costs. Future breakthroughs are expected

to stem from synthetic biology and metabolic engineering

with efforts focused on optimizing microbial strains

streamlining pathways

and developing cost-effective purification techniques. These innovations will pave the way for SL’s broader application in infant nutrition

functional foods

and pharmaceutical development

unlocking its full potential as a transformative bioactive molecule.

关键词

Keywords

references

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