面向工业尾气利用的产乙酸菌底盘细胞设计构建与应用进展

任玉文; 隆柳成; 陈利梅; 薛敏; 王杰; 李德茂

doi:10.12211/2096-8280.2026-065

您当前的位置：

首页 >

文章列表页 >

面向工业尾气利用的产乙酸菌底盘细胞设计构建与应用进展

特约评述 | 更新时间：2026-10-30

- 面向工业尾气利用的产乙酸菌底盘细胞设计构建与应用进展
- Advances in the design， construction， and application of acetogenic chassis cells for industrial off-gas utilization
- 合成生物学 2026年页码：1-32
- 作者机构：
  
  1.中国科学院天津工业生物技术研究所，天津 300308
  2.中国农业科学院饲料研究所，北京 100081
- 作者简介：
  
  任玉文（1994—），女，博士研究生。研究方向为乙醇梭菌细胞工厂固碳途径改造机制研究。
  王杰（1989—），男，副研究员，硕士生导师，研究方向为一碳菌体蛋白创制与饲料应用。
  李德茂（1978—），男，研究员，博士生导师，研究方向为一碳化合物生物转化微生物蛋白/油脂研究。
- 基金信息：
  
  国家重点研发计划(2023YFD1302400);京津冀自然科学基金合作专项(25JJJJC0013)
- DOI：10.12211/2096-8280.2026-065
  中图分类号： Q819
- 收稿：2026-07-24，
  
  修回：2026-10-27，
  
  网络首发：2026-10-30，
- 稿件说明：
移动端阅览
任玉文，隆柳成，陈利梅，薛敏，王杰，李德茂. 面向工业尾气利用的产乙酸菌底盘细胞设计构建与应用进展［J］. 合成生物学， 2026， 7. DOI： 10.12211/2096-8280.2026-065

REN Yuwen， LONG Liucheng， CHEN Limei， XUE Min， WANG Jie， LI Demao. Advances in the design， construction， and application of acetogenic chassis cells for industrial off-gas utilization［J］. Synthetic Biology Journal， 2026， 7. DOI： 10.12211/2096-8280.2026-065
任玉文，隆柳成，陈利梅，薛敏，王杰，李德茂. 面向工业尾气利用的产乙酸菌底盘细胞设计构建与应用进展［J］. 合成生物学， 2026， 7. DOI： 10.12211/2096-8280.2026-065 DOI：

REN Yuwen， LONG Liucheng， CHEN Limei， XUE Min， WANG Jie， LI Demao. Advances in the design， construction， and application of acetogenic chassis cells for industrial off-gas utilization［J］. Synthetic Biology Journal， 2026， 7. DOI： 10.12211/2096-8280.2026-065 DOI：

摘要

钢铁冶炼、铁合金、炼油裂解和煤化工等重工业每年排放大量含CO、CO₂和H₂的工业尾气，既是温室气体来源，也是可观的碳资源。产乙酸菌依靠Wood-Ljungdahl途径高效固定一碳气体，是尾气生物转化最具潜力的底盘。本文系统综述了产乙酸菌底盘构建与应用进展，一是生物学基础，包括产物途径的代谢机制、热力学约束、能量守恒机制及核心菌株的选择；二是遗传工具，涵盖基因转移、CRISPR-Cas9/Cas12a、内源I-B型系统和RecT重组工程；三是代谢工程策略，包括提高天然产物产量、构建非天然产物异源合成途径、改造中心碳代谢，以及适应性实验室进化与理性设计的协同；四是气-液传质与过程工程，涉及反应器构型、连续及两阶段发酵、在线监控与过程控制；五是结合不同产业化阶段的案例，分析关键瓶颈并探讨以工艺协同优化为主的突破路径。本文旨在为产乙酸菌底盘的理性设计与工程化推广，以及一碳气体生物转化的产业化提供系统参考。

Abstract

Heavy industries such as steelmaking

ferroalloy production

petroleum refining and cracking

and coal chemical processing release large volumes of industrial off-gases containing CO

CO₂

and H₂ every year. These gases are not only a major source of greenhouse gas emissions but also a substantial reservoir of carbon and chemical energy. Acetogens

which fix one-carbon gases efficiently through the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway

have emerged as the most promising chassis organisms for the bioconversion of industrial off-gases. This review summarizes advances in the design

construction

and application of acetogenic chassis cells for industrial off-gas utilization. First

the biological basis of acetogens is outlined

including the biochemistry and thermodynamic constraints of the pathway and the Rnf- and Ech-type energy conservation mechanisms. Chassis selection is discussed in relation to variations in gas composition and impurity profiles. Second

genetic tools are reviewed: DNA transfer

CRISPR-Cas9/Cas12a

endogenous type I-B systems

and RecT-mediated recombineering. Their industrial suitability is assessed by transformation efficiency

design-build cycle time

iterative editing capacity

marker dependence

and transferability across strains. Third

metabolic engineering strategies are discussed. They cover native product enhancement

heterologous pathways

central carbon and energy metabolism engineering

genome-scale metabolic modeling

and the combination of adaptive laboratory evolution with rational design. Energy supply

reducing power

and product toxicity emerge as shared bottlenecks. In addition

process engineering is addressed: gas–liquid mass transfer

reactor configuration

continuous and two-stage fermentation

and scale-down simulations

with particular emphasis on their integration with chassis design. Based on cases at different industrialization stages (commercial operation

trial production

under construction

demonstration

and pilot)

the review identifies the thermodynamic limit of energy metabolism

strain-specific tool adaptation

stability at scale

and downstream separation as core challenges. It outlines future directions: strengthening energy-conservation modules

co-optimizing strains and processes

and diversifying products and carbon conversion routes. This review aims to provide a reference for the rational design of acetogenic chassis and the industrial deployment of one-carbon gas bioconversion.

关键词

Keywords

references

宋美倩 . 河北首朗新能源科技有限公司: 22秒快速转化工业尾气 [EB/OL ] . 经济日报 , 2021-12-26 . https://www.jingjiribao.cn/static/detail.jsp?id=382202 https://www.jingjiribao.cn/static/detail.jsp?id=382202 .

SONG M Q . Hebei Shoulang New Energy Technology Co. , Ltd. 22-Second Rapid Conversion of Industrial Off-Gases[EB/OL ] . Economic Daily , 2021-12-26 . https://www.jingjiribao.cn/static/detail.jsp?id=382202 https://www.jingjiribao.cn/static/detail.jsp?id=382202 .

中平资本 . 首钢朗泽ESG实践概况 [EB/OL ] . [ 2026-10-8 ] . http://www.zpcapital.com/newsinfo/4571810.html http://www.zpcapital.com/newsinfo/4571810.html .

Zhongping Capital . Overview of Shougang LanzaTech ESG practices [EB/OL ] . [ 2026-10-8 ] . http://www.zpcapital.com/newsinfo/4571810.html http://www.zpcapital.com/newsinfo/4571810.html .

FACKLER N , HEIJSTRA B D , RASOR B J , et al . Stepping on the gas to a circular economy: accelerating development of carbon-negative chemical production from gas fermentation [J ] . Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , 2021 , 12 : 439 - 470 .

KÖPKE M , SIMPSON S D . Pollution to products: recycling of 'above ground' carbon by gas fermentation [J ] . Current Opinion in Biotechnology , 2020 , 65 : 180 - 189 .

DANIELL J , KÖPKE M , SIMPSON S D . Commercial biomass syngas fermentation [J ] . Energies , 2012 , 5 ( 12 ): 5372 - 5417 .

ARTZ J , MÜLLER T E , THENERT K , et al . Sustainable conversion of carbon dioxide: An integrated review of catalysis and life cycle assessment [J ] . Chemical Reviews , 2018 , 118 ( 2 ): 434 - 504 .

LIEW F , MARTIN M E , TAPPEL R C , et al . Gas fermentation-A flexible platform for commercial scale production of low-carbon-fuels and chemicals from waste and renewable feedstocks [J ] . Frontiers in Microbiology , 2016 , 7 : 694 .

DÜRRE P , EIKMANNS B J . C1-carbon sources for chemical and fuel production by microbial gas fermentation [J ] . Current Opinion in Biotechnology , 2015 , 35 : 63 - 72 .

LIEW F , HENSTRA A M , WINZER K , et al . Insights into CO 2 fixation pathway of Clostridium autoethanogenum by targeted mutagenesis [J ] . mBio , 2016 , 7 ( 3 ): e00427-16 .

DE LUNA P , HAHN C , HIGGINS D , et al . What would it take for renewably powered electrosynthesis to displace petrochemical processes? [J ] . Science , 2019 , 364 ( 6438 ): eaav3506 .

XU D , TREE D R , LEWIS R S . The effects of syngas impurities on syngas fermentation to liquid fuels [J ] . Biomass and Bioenergy , 2011 , 35 ( 7 ): 2690 - 2696 .

LIEW F E , NOGLE R , ABDALLA T , et al . Carbon-negative production of acetone and isopropanol by gas fermentation at industrial pilot scale [J ] . Nature Biotechnology , 2022 , 40 ( 3 ): 335 - 344 .

HANDLER R M , SHONNARD D R , GRIFFING E M , et al . Life cycle assessments of ethanol production via gas fermentation: Anticipated greenhouse gas emissions for cellulosic and waste gas feedstocks [J ] . Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research , 2016 , 55 ( 12 ): 3253 - 3261 .

DRAKE H L , GÖßNER A S , DANIEL S L . Old acetogens, new light [J ] . Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences , 2008 , 1125 : 100 - 128 .

SCHUCHMANN K , MÜLLER V . Autotrophy at the thermodynamic limit of life: a model for energy conservation in acetogenic bacteria [J ] . Nature Reviews Microbiology , 2014 , 12 ( 12 ): 809 - 821 .

LJUNGDAHL L G . The autotrophic pathway of acetate synthesis in acetogenic bacteria [J ] . Annual Review of Microbiology , 1986 , 40 : 415 - 450 .

WOOD H G . Life with CO or CO 2 and H 2 as a source of carbon and energy [J ] . The FASEB Journal , 1991 , 5 ( 2 ): 156 - 163 .

BERTSCH J , MÜLLER V . Bioenergetic constraints for conversion of syngas to biofuels in acetogenic bacteria [J ] . Biotechnology for Biofuels , 2015 , 8 : 210 .

LanzaTech . Investor Relation [EB/OL ] . [ 2026-09-05 ] . https://ir.lanzatech.com https://ir.lanzatech.com .

XU J , WANG J , MA C , et al . Embracing a low-carbon future by the production and marketing of C1 gas protein [J ] . Biotechnology Advances , 2023 , 63 : 108096 .

WANG J , CHEN L , XU J , et al . C1 gas protein: A potential protein substitute for advancing aquaculture sustainability [J ] . Reviews in Aquaculture , 2023 , 15 ( 3 ): 1179 - 1197 .

MÜLLER V . Energy conservation in acetogenic bacteria [J ] . Applied and Environmental Microbiology , 2003 , 69 ( 11 ): 6345 - 6353 .

HUMPHREYS C M , MINTON N P . Advances in metabolic engineering in the microbial production of fuels and chemicals from C1 gas [J ] . Current Opinion in Biotechnology , 2018 , 50 : 174 - 181 .

WIERINGA K T . Over het verdwijnen van waterstof en koolzuur onder anaerobe voorwaarden [J ] . Antonie van Leeuwenhoek , 1936 , 3 ( 1 ): 263 - 273 .

RAGSDALE S W . Enzymology of the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway of acetogenesis [J ] . Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences , 2008 , 1125 ( 1 ): 129 - 136 .

KIM J Y , LEE M , OH S , et al . Acetogen and acetogenesis for biological syngas valorization [J ] . Bioresource Technology , 2023 , 384 : 129368 .

LEVER M A . Acetogenesis in the energy-starved deep biosphere-a paradox? [J ] . Frontiers in Microbiology , 2012 , 2 : 284 .

BENGELSDORF F R , POEHLEIN A , LINDER S , et al . Industrial acetogenic biocatalysts: A comparative metabolic and genomic analysis [J ] . Frontiers in Microbiology , 2016 , 7 : 1036 .

ADAM P S , BORREL G , GRIBALDO S . Evolutionary history of carbon monoxide dehydrogenase/acetyl-CoA synthase, one of the oldest enzymatic complexes [J ] . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , 2018 , 115 ( 6 ): E1166 - E1173 .

JIAO J Y , FU L , HUA Z S , et al . Insight into the function and evolution of the Wood–Ljungdahl pathway in Actinobacteria [J ] . The ISME Journal , 2021 , 15 ( 10 ): 3005 - 3018 .

RAGSDALE S W . Life with carbon monoxide [J ] . Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , 2004 , 39 ( 3 ): 165 - 195 .

SCHUCHMANN K , MÜLLER V . Energetics and application of heterotrophy in acetogenic bacteria [J ] . Applied and Environmental Microbiology , 2016 , 82 ( 14 ): 4056 - 4069 .

RAGSDALE S W , KUMAR M . Nickel-containing carbon monoxide dehydrogenase/acetyl-CoA synthase [J ] . Chemical Reviews , 1996 , 96 ( 7 ): 2515 - 2540 .

BIEGEL E , MÜLLER V . Bacterial Na + -translocating ferredoxin:NAD + oxidoreductase [J ] . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , 2010 , 107 ( 42 ): 18138 - 18142 .

HESS V , SCHUCHMANN K , MÜLLER V . The ferredoxin:NAD + oxidoreductase (Rnf) from the acetogen Acetobacterium woodii requires Na + and is reversibly coupled to the membrane potential [J ] . Journal of Biological Chemistry , 2013 , 288 ( 44 ): 31496 - 31502 .

文志琼 , 李煜真 , 张金刚 , 等 . 化能驱动的产乙酸菌转化利用CO₂研究进展 [J ] . 合成生物学 , 2023 , 4 ( 6 ): 1178 - 1190 .

WEN Z Q , LI Y Z , ZHANG J G , et al . Progress on bio-fixation and utilization of CO₂ in acetogens driven by chemical energy [J ] . Synthetic Biology Journal , 2023 , 4 ( 6 ): 1178 - 1190 .

TREMBLAY P L , ZHANG T , DAR S A , et al . The Rnf complex of Clostridium ljungdahlii is a proton-translocating ferredoxin:NAD + oxidoreductase essential for autotrophic growth [J ] . mBio , 2013 , 4 ( 1 ): e00406-12 .

MOCK J , ZHENG Y , MUELLER A P , et al . Energy Conservation associated with ethanol formation from H 2 and CO 2 in Clostridium autoethanogenum involving electron bifurcation [J ] . Journal of Bacteriology , 2015 , 197 ( 18 ): 2965 - 2980 .

BUCKEL W , THAUER R K . Energy conservation via electron bifurcating ferredoxin reduction and proton/Na⁺ translocating ferredoxin oxidation [J ] . Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Bioenergetics , 2013 , 1827 ( 2 ): 94 - 113 .

VALGEPEA K , DE SOUZA PINTO LEMGRUBER R , MEAGHAN K , et al . Maintenance of ATP homeostasis triggers metabolic shifts in gas-fermenting acetogens [J ] . Cell Systems , 2017 , 4 ( 5 ): 505 - 515 .

BAUM C , ZELDES B , POEHLEIN A , et al . The energy-converting hydrogenase Ech2 is important for the growth of the thermophilic acetogen Thermoanaerobacter kivui on ferredoxin-dependent substrates [J ] . Microbiology Spectrum , 2024 , 12 ( 4 ): e0338023 .

KATSYV A , MÜLLER V . A purified e nergy-converting hydrogenase from Thermoanaerobacter kivui demonstrates coupled H⁺-translocation and reduction in vitro [J ] . Journal of Biological Chemistry , 2022 , 298 : 102216 .

SCHOELMERICH M C , MÜLLER V . Energy conservation by a hydrogenase-dependent chemiosmotic mechanism in an ancient metabolic pathway [J ] . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , 2019 , 116 ( 13 ): 6329 - 6334 .

HOCQ R , HORVATH J , STUMPTNER M , et al . A megatransposon drives the adaptation of Thermoanaerobacter kivui to carbon monoxide [J ] . Nature Communications , 2025 , 16 : 4217 .

POEHLEIN A , ZELDES B , FLAIZ M , et al . Advanced aspects of acetogens [J ] . Bioresource Technology , 2025 , 427 : 131913 .

ZELDES B , MITTELSTEDT S , BAUM C , et al . Sugar-inducible promoters for manipulation of core metabolic pathways in the thermophilic acetogen Thermoanaerobacter kivui [J ] . Applied and Environmental Microbiology , 2025 , 91 ( 12 ): e01641-25 .

GOTTWALD M , ANDREESEN J R , LEGALL J , et al . Presence of cytochrome and menaquinone in Clostridium formicoaceticum and Clostridium thermoaceticum [J ] . Journal of Bacteriology , 1975 , 122 ( 1 ): 325 - 328 .

HUMPHREYS C M , MCLEAN S , SCHATSCHNEIDER S , et al . Whole genome sequence and manual annotation of Clostridium autoethanogenum , an industrially relevant bacterium [J ] . BMC Genomics , 2015 , 16 : 1085 .

BROWN S D , NAGARAJU S , UTTURKAR S , et al . Comparison of single-molecule sequencing and hybrid approaches for finishing the genome of Clostridium autoethanogenum and analysis of CRISPR systems in industrial relevant Clostridia [J ] . Biotechnology for Biofuels , 2014 , 7 : 40 .

HEFFERNAN J K , VALGEPEA K , DE SOUZA PINTO LEMGRUBER R , et al . Enhancing CO 2 -valorization using Clostridium autoethanogenum for sustainable fuel and chemicals production [J ] . Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology , 2020 , 8 : 204 .

VALGEPEA K , DE SOUZA PINTO LEMGRUBER R , ABDALLA T , et al . H 2 drives metabolic rearrangements in gas-fermenting Clostridium autoethanogenum [J ] . Biotechnology for Biofuels , 2018 , 11 : 55 .

KÖPKE M , HELD C , HUJER S , et al . Clostridium ljungdahlii represents a microbial production platform based on syngas [J ] . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , 2010 , 107 ( 29 ): 13087 - 13092 .

LEANG C , UEKI T , NEVIN K P , et al . A genetic system for Clostridium ljungdahlii : a chassis for autotrophic production of biocommodities and a model homoacetogen [J ] . Applied and Environmental Microbiology , 2013 , 79 ( 4 ): 1102 - 1109 .

KÖPKE M , LIEW F . Production of butanol from carbon monoxide by a recombinant microorganism [P ] . WO 2012/053905 A1 , 2012 .

SCHUCHMANN K , MÜLLER V . A bacterial electron-bifurcating hydrogenase [J ] . Journal of Biological Chemistry , 2012 , 287 ( 37 ): 31165 - 31171 .

SCHUCHMANN K , MÜLLER V . Direct and reversible hydrogenation of CO 2 to formate by a bacterial carbon dioxide reductase [J ] . Science , 2013 , 342 ( 6164 ): 1382 - 1385 .

WESTPHAL L , WIECHMANN A , BAKER J , et al . The Rnf complex is an energy-coupled transhydrogenase essential to reversibly link cellular NADH and ferredoxin pools in the acetogen Acetobacterium woodii [J ] . Journal of Bacteriology , 2018 , 200 ( 21 ): e00357-18 .

BERTSCH J , MÜLLER V . CO metabolism in the acetogen Acetobacterium woodii [J ] . Applied and Environmental Microbiology , 2015 , 81 ( 17 ): 5949 - 5956 .

BRUANT G , LÉVESQUE M J , PETER C , et al . Genomic analysis of carbon monoxide utilization and butanol production by Clostridium carboxidivorans strain P7 [J ] . PLOS ONE , 2010 , 5 ( 9 ): e13033 .

FERNÁNDEZ-NAVEIRA Á , ABUBACKAR H N , VEIGA M C , et al . Carbon monoxide bioconversion to butanol-ethanol by Clostridium carboxidivorans : Kinetics and toxicity of alcohols [J ] . Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology , 2016 , 100 ( 9 ): 4231 - 4240 .

GENTHNER B R S , DAVIS C L , BRYANT M P . Features of rumen and sewage sludge strains of Eubacterium limosum , a methanol- and H 2 -CO 2 -utilizing species [J ] . Applied and Environmental Microbiology , 1981 , 42 ( 1 ): 12 - 19 .

SANFORD P A , WOOLSTON B M . Expanding the genetic engineering toolbox for the metabolically flexible acetogen Eubacterium limosum [J ] . Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology , 2022 , 49 ( 5 ): kuac019 .

PIERCE E , XIE G , BARABOTE R D , et al . The complete genome sequence of Moorella thermoacetica (f. Clostridium thermoaceticum ) [J ] . Environmental Microbiology , 2008 , 10 ( 10 ): 2550 - 2573 .

FONTAINE F E , PETERSON W H , MCCOY E , et al . A new type of glucose fermentation by Clostridium thermoaceticum [J ] . Journal of Bacteriology , 1942 , 43 ( 6 ): 701 - 715 .

LEIGH J A , MAYER F , WOLFE R S . Acetogenium kivui , a new thermophil ic hydrogen-oxidizing, acetogenic bacterium [J ] . Archives of Microbiology , 1981 , 129 ( 4 ): 275 - 280 .

SITARA A , HOCQ R , LU A J , et al . Hi-TARGET: a fast, efficient and versatile CRISPR type I-B genome editing tool for the thermophilic acetogen Thermoanaerobacter kivui [J ] . Biotechnology for Biofuels and Bioproducts , 2025 , 18 ( 1 ): 49 .

PUGH D , GILES A , HOPKINS A , et al . Thermal distributive blast furnace gas characterisation, a steelworks case study [J ] . Applied Thermal Engineering , 2013 , 53 ( 2 ): 358 - 365 . DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2012.05.014 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2012.05.014 .

COLLIS J , STRUNGE T , STEUBING B , et al . Deriving economic potential and GHG emissions of steel mill gas for chemical industry [J ] . Frontiers in Energy Research , 2021 , 9 : 642162 . DOI: 10.3389/fenrg.2021.642162 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2021.642162 .

International Flame Research Foundation . What are the fuel, combustion and flue gas properties of Basic Oxygen Furnace Gas (BOFG)? [EB/OL ] . ( 2003-09-21 )[ 2026-10-19 ] . https://ifrf.net/research/handbook/what-are-the-fuel-combustion-and-flue-gas-properties-of-basic-oxygen-furnace-gas-bofg/ https://ifrf.net/research/handbook/what-are-the-fuel-combustion-and-flue-gas-properties-of-basic-oxygen-furnace-gas-bofg/ .

MORAL G , ORTIZ-IMEDIO R , ORTIZ A , et al . Hydrogen recovery from coke oven gas. Comparative analysis of technical alternatives [J ] . Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research , 2022 , 61 ( 18 ): 6106 - 6124 . DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c04668 http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.1c04668 .

MOON J , POEHLEIN A , DANIEL R , et al . Redirecting electron flow in Acetobacterium woodii enables growth on CO and improves growth on formate [J ] . Nature Communications , 2024 , 15 : 5424 .

NI J , MIAO H , ZHANG W , et al . Effects of impurities on the syngas fermentation: Mechanism and future perspectives [J ] . Bioresource Technology , 2025 , 425 : 132301 .

AHMED A , LEWIS R S . Fermentation of biomass-generated synthesis gas: Effects of nitric oxide [J ] . Biotechnology and Bioengineering , 2007 , 97 ( 5 ): 1080 - 1086 .

OLIVEIRA L , RÜCKEL A , NORDGAUER L , et al . Comparison of syngas-fermenting clostridia in stirred-tank bioreactors and the effects of varying syngas impurities [J ] . Microorganisms , 2022 , 10 ( 4 ): 681 .

KATO J , TAKEMURA K , KATO S , et al . Metabolic engineering of Moorella thermoacetica for thermophilic bioconversion of gaseous substrates to a volatile chemical [J ] . AMB Express , 2021 , 11 : 59 .

BOURGADE B , MINTON N P , ISLAM M A . Genetic and metabolic engineering challenges of C1-gas fermenting acetogenic chassis organisms [J ] . FEMS Microbiol Rev , 2021 , 45 ( 2 ): fuab008 .

MOREIRA J P C , HEAP J T , ALVES J I , et al . Developing a genetic engineering method for Acetobacterium wieringae to expand one-carbon valorization pathways [J ] . Biotechnol Biofuels Bioprod , 2023 , 16 ( 1 ): 24 .

PURDY D , O'KEEFFE T A T , ELMORE M , et al . Conjugative transfer of clostridial shuttle vectors from Escherichia coli to Clostridium difficile through circumvention of the restriction barrier [J ] . Molecular Microbiology , 2002 , 46 ( 2 ): 439 - 452 .

HEAP J T , PENNINGTON O J , CARTMAN S T , et al . A modular system for Clostridium shuttle plasmids [J ] . Journal of Microbiological Methods , 2009 , 78 ( 1 ): 79 - 85 .

HUANG H , CHAI C , LI N , et al . CRISPR/Cas9-based efficient genome editing in Clostridium ljungdahlii , an autotrophic gas-fermenting bacterium [J ] . ACS Synthetic Biology , 2016 , 5 ( 12 ): 1355 - 1361 .

JOSEPH R C , KIM N M , SANDOVAL N R . Recent developments of the synthetic biology toolkit for Clostridium [J ] . Frontiers in Microbiology , 2018 , 9 : 154 .

PHILIPPS G , DE VRIES S , JENNEWEIN S . Development of a metabolic pathway transfer and genomic integration system for the syngas-fermenting bacterium Clostridium ljungdahlii [J ] . Biotechnol Biofuels , 2019 , 12 : 112 .

HEAP J T , PENNINGTON O J , CARTMAN S T , et al . The ClosTron: A universal gene knock-out system for the genus Clostridium [J ] . Journal of Microbiological Methods , 2007 , 70 ( 3 ): 452 - 464 .

LIEW F , HENSTRA A M , KÖPKE M , et al . Metabolic engineering of Clostridium autoethanogenum for selective alcohol production [J ] . Metabolic Engineering , 2017 , 40 : 104 - 114 .

HEAP J T , EHSAAN M , COOKSLEY C M , et al . Integration of DNA into bacterial chromosomes from plasmids without a counter-selection marker [J ] . Nucleic Acids Research , 2012 , 40 ( 8 ): e59 .

NAGARAJU S , DAVIES N K , WALKER D J F , et al . Genome editing of Clostridium autoethanogenum using CRISPR/Cas9 [J ] . Biotechnology for Biofuels , 2016 , 9 : 219 .

CAÑADAS I C , GROOTHUIS D , ZYGOUROPOULOU M , et al . RiboCas: A universal CRISPR-based editing tool for Clostridium [J ] . ACS Synthetic Biology , 2019 , 8 ( 6 ): 1379 - 1390 .

POULALIER-DELAVELLE M , BAKER J P , MILLARD J , et al . Endogenous CRISPR/Cas systems for genome engineering in the acetogens Acetobacterium woodii and Clostridium autoethanogenum [J ] . Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology , 2023 , 11 : 1213236 .

ZHANG J Z , LI Y Z , XI Z N , et al . Inducible promoters of bacterial microcompartments improve the CRISPR/Cas9 tools for efficient metabolic engineering of Clostridium ljungdahlii [J ] . Applied and Environmental Microbiology , 2025 , 91 ( 4 ): e02183-24 .

XIA P F , CASINI I , SCHULZ S , et al . Reprogramming acetogenic bacteria with CRISPR-targeted base editing via deamination [J ] . ACS Synthetic Biology , 2020 , 9 ( 8 ): 2162 - 2171 .

KWON H J , LEE J , KWON S J , et al . Development of a genetic engineering toolbox for syngas-utilizing acetogen Clostridium sp. AWRP [J ] . Microbial Cell Factories , 2024 , 23 : 6 .

SANFORD P A , WOOLSTON B M . Development of a recombineering system for the acetogen Eubacterium limosum with Cas9 counterselection for markerless genome engineering [J ] . ACS Synthetic Biology , 2024 , 13 ( 8 ): 2505 - 2514 .

BANERJEE A , LEANG C , UEKI T , et al . Lactose-inducible system for metabolic engineering of Clostridium ljungdahlii [J ] . Applied and Environmental Microbiology , 2014 , 80 ( 8 ): 2410 - 2416 .

AL-BASSAM M M , KIM J N , ZARAMELA L S , et al . Optimization of carbon and energy utilization through differential translational efficiency [J ] . Nature Communications , 2018 , 9 ( 1 ): 4474 .

LAUER I , PHILIPPS G , JENNEWEIN S . Metabolic engineering of Clostridium ljungdahlii for the production of hexanol and butanol from CO 2 and H 2 [J ] . Microbial Cell Factories , 2022 , 21 : 85 .

WOODS C , HUMPHREYS C M , TOMI-ANDRINO C , et al . Required gene set for autotrophic growth of Clostridium autoethanogenum [J ] . Applied and Environmental Microbiology , 2022 , 88 ( 7 ): e02479-21 .

FACKLER N , HEFFERNAN J , JUMINAGA A , et al . Transcriptional control of Clostridium autoethanogenum using CRISPRi [J ] . Synthetic Biology , 2021 , 6 ( 1 ): ysab008 .

MUNIR S , WAN S , GAO X , et al . Elucidating the roles of essential genes in autotrophic metabolism and cell morphology of Clostridium ljungdahlii by CRISPRi [J ] . Appl Microbiol Biotechnol , 2026 , 110 ( 1 ): 44 .

SHIN J , BAE J , LEE H , et al . Genome-wide CRISPRi screen identifies enhanced autolithotrophic phenotypes in acetogenic bacterium Eubacterium limosum [J ] . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , 2023 , 120 ( 6 ): e2216244120 .

JOSEPH R C , SANDOVAL N R . Single and multiplexed gene repression in solventogenic Clostridium via Cas12a-based CRISPR interference [J ] . Synthetic and Systems Biotechnology , 2023 , 8 : 148 - 156 .

KATSYV A , MÜLLER V . Overcoming energetic barriers in acetogenic C1 conversion [J ] . Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology , 2020 , 8 : 621166 .

WOOLSTON B M , EMERSON D F , CURRIE D H , et al . Rediverting carbon flux in Clostridium ljungdahlii using CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) [J ] . Metabolic Engineering , 2018 , 48 : 243 - 253 .

KÖPKE M , GERTH M L , MADDOCK D J , et al . Reconstruction of an acetogenic 2,3-butanediol pathway involving a novel NADPH-dependent primary-secondary alcohol dehydrogenase [J ] . Appl Environ Microbiol , 2014 , 80 ( 11 ): 3394 - 3403 .

VALGEPEA K , LOI K Q , BEHRENDORFF J B , et al . Arginine deiminase pathway provides ATP and boosts growth of the gas-fermenting acetogen Clostridium autoethanogenum [J ] . Metabolic Engineering , 2017 , 41 : 202 - 211 .

MAHAMKALI V , VALGEPEA K , DE SOUZA PINTO LEMGRUBER R , et al . Redox controls metabolic robustness in the gas-fermenting acetogen Clostridium autoethanogenum [J ] . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , 2020 , 117 ( 23 ): 13168 - 13175 .

WANG S , HUANG H , MOLL J , et al . NADP + reduction with reduced ferredoxin and NADP + reduction with NADH are coupled via an electron-bifurcating enzyme complex in Clostridium kluyveri [J ] . J Bacteriol . 2010 , 192 ( 19 ): 5115 - 5123 .

JIN S , BAE J , SONG Y , et al . Synthetic biology on acetogenic bacteria for highly efficient conversion of C1 gases to biochemicals [J ] . Int J Mol Sci , 2020 , 21 ( 20 ): 7639 .

LO J , WU C , HUMPHREYS J R , et al . Thermodynamic and Kinetic Modeling Directs Pathway Optimization for Isopropanol Production in a Gas-Fermenting Bacterium [J ] . mSystems , 2023 , 8 ( 2 ): e0127422 .

HOFFMEISTER S , GERDOM M , BENGELSDORF F R , et al . Acetone production with metabolically engineered strains of Acetobacterium woodii [J ] . Metabolic Engineering , 2016 , 36 : 37 - 47 .

FLÜCHTER S , FOLLONIER S , SCHIEL-BENGELSDORF B , et al . Anaerobic production of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) and its precursor 3-hydroxybutyrate from synthesis gas by autotrophic clostridia [J ] . Biomacromolecules , 2019 , 20 ( 9 ): 3271 - 3282 .

DIENDER M , STAMS A J , SOUSA D Z . Production of medium-chain fatty acids and higher alcohols by a synthetic co-culture grown on carbon monoxide or syngas [J ] . Biotechnol Biofuels . 2016 , 9 : 82 .

RICHTER H , MOLITOR B , DIENDER M , et al . A narrow pH range supports butanol, hexanol, and octanol production from syngas in a continuous co-culture of Clostridium ljungdahlii and Clostridium kluyveri with in-line product extraction [J ] . Frontiers in Microbiology , 2016 , 7 : 1773 .

DINER B A , FAN J , SCOTCHER M C , et al . Synthesis of heterologous mevalonic acid pathway enzymes in Clostridium ljungdahlii for the conversion of fructose and of syngas to mevalonate and isoprene [J ] . Applied and Environmental Microbiology , 2018 , 84 ( 1 ): e01723-17 .

DYKSTRA J C , VAN OORT J , YAZDI A T , et al . Metabolic engineering of Clostridium autoethanogenum for ethyl acetate production from CO [J ] . Microb Cell Fact , 2022 , 21 ( 1 ): 243 .

BAE J , PARK C , JUNG H , et al . Harnessing acetogenic bacteria for one-carbon valorization toward sustainable chemical production [J ] . RSC Chem Biol , 2024 , 5 ( 9 ): 812 - 832 .

KOTTENHAHN P , PHILIPPS G , JENNEWEIN S . Hexanol biosynthesis from syngas by Clostridium carboxidivorans P7 - product toxicity, temperature dependence and in situ extraction [J ] . Heliyon , 2021 , 7 ( 8 ): e07732 .

FURDUI C , RAGSDALE S W . The role of pyruvate ferredoxin oxidoreductase in pyruvate synthesis during autotrophic growth by the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway [J ] . Journal of Biological Chemistry , 2000 , 275 ( 37 ): 28494 - 28499 .

ZHAI Y , CHEN L , LIU F , et al . Engineering energy-robust Clostridium autoethanogenum via integrated nanotechnology and transcription-guided metabolic reprogramming [J ] . Trends in Biotechnology , 2026 Jul 28.

WEN Z Q , LI Y Z , SU H J , et al . Deletion of electron-bifurcating [FeFe ] -hydrogenase enhances H₂-driven CO₂ fixation and ethanol production in Clostridium ljungdahlii [J ] . Bioresource Technology , 2026 , 453 : 134636 .

LI X , HENSON M A . Metabolic modeling of bacterial co-culture systems predicts enhanced carbon monoxide-to-butyrate conversion compared to monoculture systems [J ] . Biochem Eng J , 2019 , 151 : 107338 .

CAIVANO A , VAN WINDEN W , DRAGONE G , et al . Enzyme-constrained metabolic model and in silico metabolic engineering of Clostridium ljungdahlii for the development of sustainable production processes [J ] . Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal , 2023 , 21 : 4634 - 4646 .

FAST A G , SCHMIDT E D , JONES S W , ET AL . Acetogenic mixotrophy: novel options for yield improvement in biofuels and biochemicals production [J ] . Current Opinion in Biotechnology , 2015 , 33 : 60 - 72 .

DRAGOSITS M , MATTANOVICH D . Adaptive laboratory evolution-principles and applications for biotechnology [J ] . Microbial Cell Factories , 2013 , 12 : 64 .

INGELMAN H , HEFFERNAN J K , HARRIS A , et al . Autotrophic adaptive laboratory evolution of the acetogen Clostridium autoethanogenum delivers the gas-fermenting strain LAbrini with superior growth, products, and robustness [J ] . New Biotechnology , 2024 , 83 : 1 - 15 .

YANG K K , WU Z , ARNOLD F H . Machine-learning-guided directed evolution for protein engineering [J ] . Nature Methods , 2019 , 16 ( 8 ): 687 - 694 .

LAWSON C E , MARTÍ J M , RADIVOJEVIC T , et al . Machine learning for metabolic engineering: A review [J ] . Metabolic Engineering , 2021 , 63 : 34 - 60 .

DUDEK N K , PRECUP D . Towards AI-designed genomes using a variational autoencoder [J ] . Proc Biol Sci , 2024 , 291 ( 2036 ): 20241457 .

KING S H , DRISCOLL C L , LI D B , et al . Generative design of bacteriophages with genome language models [J ] . Science , 2026 , 393 ( 6811 ): eaec2657 .

MANN M , HÜSER A , SCHICK B , et al . Online monitoring of gas transfer rates during CO and CO/H 2 gas fermentation in quasi-continuously ventilated shake flasks [J ] . Biotechnol Bioeng , 2021 , 118 ( 5 ): 2092 - 2104 .

BREDWELL M D , SRIVASTAVA P , WORDEN R M . Reactor design issues for synthesis-gas fermentations [J ] . Biotechnology Progress , 1999 , 15 ( 5 ): 834 - 844 .

MUNASINGHE P C , KHANAL S K . Syngas fermentation to biofuel: evaluation of carbon monoxide mass transfer coefficient ( K L a ) in different reactor configurations [J ] . Biotechnol Prog , 2010 , 26 ( 6 ): 1616 - 1621 .

ALMEIDA BENALCÁZAR E , NOORMAN H , MACIEL FILHO R , et al . Modeling ethanol production through gas fermentation: a biothermodynamics and mass transfer-based hybrid model for microbial growth in a large-scale bubble column bioreactor [J ] . Biotechnol Biofuels , 2020 , 13 : 59 .

SIEBLER F , LAPIN A , TAKORS R . Synergistically applying 1-D modeling and CFD for designing industrial scale bubble column syngas bioreactors [J ] . Eng Life Sci , 2020 , 20 ( 7 ): 239 - 251 .

ArcelorMittal Belgium . Steelanol: blast furnace gas becomes ethanol [EB/OL ] . [ 2026-09-08 ] . https://belgium.arcelormittal.com/steelanol https://belgium.arcelormittal.com/steelanol .

STOLL I K , BOUKIS N , SAUER J . Syngas Fermentation to alcohols: Reactor technology and application perspective [J ] . Chemie Ingenieur Technik , 2020 , 92 : 125 - 136 .

PUIMAN L , ALMEIDA BENALCÁZAR E , PICIOREANU C , et al . Downscaling industrial-scale syngas fermentation to simulate frequent and irregular dissolved gas concentration shocks [J ] . Bioengineering , 2023 , 10 ( 5 ): 518 .

RICHTER H , MARTIN M E , ANGENENT L T . A two-stage continuous fermentation system for conversion of syngas into ethanol [J ] . Energies , 2013 , 6 ( 8 ): 3987 - 4000 .

KIM T H , LEE J S , LEE M J , et al . Two-stage continuous CO fermentation process strategy for high-titer bioethanol production using Clostridium autoethanogenum [J ] . Bioresour Technol , 2025 , 421 : 132152 .

RICCI L , SEIFERT A , BERNACCHI S , et al . Leveraging substrate flexibility and product selectivity of acetogens in two-stage systems for chemical production [J ] . Microb Biotechnol , 2023 , 16 ( 2 ): 218 - 237 .

CHAIKITKAEW S , WONGFAED N , MAMIMIN C , et al . Conversion of carbon dioxide in biogas into acetic acid by Clostridium thailandense immobilized on porous support materials [J ] . Heliyon , 2024 , 10 ( 4 ): e26378 .

焦静 , 郑勇 , 李尊香 , 等 . 厌氧发酵在线监控技术研究进展 [J ] . 中国农业科技导报 , 2021 , 23 ( 9 ): 87 - 95 .

JIAO J , ZHENG Y , LI Z X , et al . Advances in on-line monitoring technology of anaerobic fermentation [J ] . Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology , 2021 , 23 ( 9 ): 87 - 95 .

ABUBACKAR H N , VEIGA M C , KENNES C . Carbon monoxide fermentation to ethanol by Clostridium autoethanogenum in a bioreactor with no accumulation of acetic acid [J ] . Bioresource Technology , 2015 , 186 : 122 - 127 .

北京首钢朗泽科技股份有限公司 . 关于我们 [EB/OL ] . [ 2026-10-19 ] . https://www.bjsglt.com/aboutus/ https://www.bjsglt.com/aboutus/ .

Beijing Shougang LanzaTech Technology Co., Ltd . About us [EB/OL ] . [ 2026-10-19 ] . https://www.bjsglt.com/aboutus/ https://www.bjsglt.com/aboutus/ .

北京首钢朗泽科技股份有限公司 . 2026年中期报告 [R/OL ] . ( 2026-09-18 )[ 2026-10-19 ] . https://www.hkexnews.hk/listedco/listconews/sehk/2026/0918/2026091800170_c.pdf https://www.hkexnews.hk/listedco/listconews/sehk/2026/0918/2026091800170_c.pdf .

Beijing Shougang LanzaTech Technology Co., Ltd . 2026 Interim Report [R/OL ] . ( 2026-09-18 ) [ 2026-10-19 ] . https://www.hkexnews.hk/listedco/listconews/sehk/2026/0918/2026091800170_c.pdf https://www.hkexnews.hk/listedco/listconews/sehk/2026/0918/2026091800170_c.pdf .

LanzaTech . World's leading steel company, ArcelorMittal and LanzaTech announce first ethanol samples from commercial flagship carbon capture and utilisation facility in Ghent, Belgium [EB/OL ] . ( 2023-06-14 )[ 2026-10-21 ] . https://ir.lanzatech.com/news-releases/news-release-details/worlds-leading-steel-company-arcelormittal-and-lanzatech https://ir.lanzatech.com/news-releases/news-release-details/worlds-leading-steel-company-arcelormittal-and-lanzatech .

北京首钢朗泽科技股份有限公司 . 招股章程 [R/OL ] .( 2026-05-26 )[ 2026-10-19 ] . https://www1.hkexnews.hk/listedco/listconews/sehk/2026/0526/2026052600048_c.pdf https://www1.hkexnews.hk/listedco/listconews/sehk/2026/0526/2026052600048_c.pdf .

Beijing Shougang LanzaTech Technology Co. , Ltd . Prospectus [R/OL ] . ( 2026-05-26 )[ 2026-10-19 ] . https://

www1.hkexnews.hk/listedco/listconews/sehk/2026/0526/2026052600048_c.pdf www1.hkexnews.hk/listedco/listconews/sehk/2026/0526/2026052600048_c.pdf .

INEOS Bio . INEOS Bio Produces Cellulosic Ethanol at Commercial Scale [EB/OL ] . ( 2013-07-31 ) [ 2026-10-19 ] . https://www.ineos.com/it/notizie/gruppo-ineos/ineos-bio-produces-cellulosic-ethanol-at-commercial-scale https://www.ineos.com/it/notizie/gruppo-ineos/ineos-bio-produces-cellulosic-ethanol-at-commercial-scale .

PALYS M J , DAOUTIDIS P . Power-to-X: A review and perspective [J ] . Computers & Chemical Engineering , 2022 , 165 : 107948 .

Press Information Bureau , Government of India . Green energy projects [EB/OL ] . ( 2026-04-02 )[ 2026-10-19 ] . https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2248336&lang=1&reg=6 https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2248336&lang=1&reg=6 .

LANGENMAYR U , HEINZMANN P , SCHNEIDER A , et al . Stand-alone power-to-X production dynamics: A multi-method approach to quantify the emission-cost reduction trade-off [J ] . Journal of Industrial Ecology , 2025 , 29 : 1791 - 1805 .

北京首钢朗泽科技股份有限公司 . 公司简介与已投产项目概览 [EB/OL ] . [ 2026-08-30 ] . https://bjsglt.com/ https://bjsglt.com/ .

Beijing Shougang LanzaTech Technology Co., Ltd . Company profile and overview of commissioned plants [EB/OL ] . [ 2026-08-30 ] . https://bjsglt.com/ https://bjsglt.com/ .

LanzaJet . LanzaJet makes history as the world's first to produce jet fuel from ethanol at commercial-scale plant delivering the next generation fuel solution for aviation [EB/OL ] . ( 2025-11-13 )[ 2026-10-8 ] . https://www.lanzajet.com/news-insights/lanzajet-makes-history https://www.lanzajet.com/news-insights/lanzajet-makes-history .

巨鹏生物科技有限公司 . 巨鹏生物技术介绍 [EB/OL ] . [ 2026-09-08 ] . http://cn.jupengbio.com/our-technology http://cn.jupengbio.com/our-technology .

Jupeng Biotechnology Co., Ltd . Jupeng Biotechnology: Our Technology [EB/OL ] . [ 2026-09-08 ] . http://cn.jupengbio.com/our-technology http://cn.jupengbio.com/our-technology .

鄂尔多斯日报 . 内蒙古杭锦旗又一重大延链补链项目开工建设 [EB/OL ] . ( 2024-11-21 ) [ 2026-10-19 ] . https://www.cciac.org.cn/html/article/2024-11/27656.html https://www.cciac.org.cn/html/article/2024-11/27656.html .

Ordos Daily . Construction begins on another major project to extend and strengthen industrial supply Chains in Hanggin Banner, Inner Mongolia [EB/OL ] . ( 2024-11-21 ) [ 2026-10-19 ] . https://www.cciac.org.cn/html/article/2024-11/27656.html https://www.cciac.org.cn/html/article/2024-11/27656.html .

化盟网 . 投资3.1亿元河南无水乙醇项目即将转入试运行 [EB/OL ] . ( 2024-11-11 )[ 2026-08-30 ] . https://zx.hm-w.com/dynamic/detail/22960 https://zx.hm-w.com/dynamic/detail/22960 .

Huamengwang . RMB 310 million ethanol project in henan set to enter trial operation [EB/OL ] . ( 2024-11-11 )[ 2026-08-30 ] . https://zx.hm-w.com/dynamic/detail/22960 https://zx.hm-w.com/dynamic/detail/22960 .

成都日报 . 国内首条生物合成HQP蛋白中试产线在成都投用让工业尾气变身有机蛋白 [EB/OL ] . 2025-05-15 . https://news.chengdu.cn/2025/0515/2481926.shtml https://news.chengdu.cn/2025/0515/2481926.shtml .

Chengdu Daily . China's first pilot production line for biosynthetic HQP protein begins operation in Chengdu, turning industrial exhaust gas into organic protein [EB/OL ] . ( 2025-05-15 )[ 2026-10-8 ] . https://news.chengdu.cn/2025/0515/2481926.shtml https://news.chengdu.cn/2025/0515/2481926.shtml .

BROUWER G J A , JANKOVIC T , STRAATHOF A J J , et al . Green industrial-scale plant design for syngas fermentation to isopropyl alcohol and acetone: economic and environmental sustainability assessment [C ] . Proceedings of the European Symposium on Computer Aided Process Engineering (ESCAPE 35 ), 2025 : 473 - 478 .

FU R , KANG L , ZHANG C , et al . Application and progress of techno-economic analysis and life cycle assessment in biomanufacturing of fuels and chemicals [J ] . Green Chemical Engineering , 2023 , 4 ( 2 ): 189 - 198 .

European Parliament and Council . Directive 2009/41/EC on the contained use of genetically modified micro-organisms [S ] . Off J Eur Union, 2009 , L125: 75 - 97 .

US Environmental Protection Agency . Microbial products of biotechnology; final regulation under the Toxic Substances Control Act [S ] . Federal Register, 1997 , 62: 17910 - 17958 .

全国人民代表大会常务委员会 . 中华人民共和国生物安全法 [S ] . 2021 .

Standing Committee of the National People's Congress . Biosecurity Law of the People's Republic of China [S ] . 2021 .

JIA D , HE M , TIAN Y , et al . Metabolic Engineering of Gas-Fermenting Clostridium ljungdahlii for Efficient Co-production of Isopropanol, 3‑Hydroxybutyrate, and Ethanol [J ] . ACS Synthetic Biology , 2021 , 10 ( 10 ): 2628 - 2638 .

北京首钢朗泽新能源科技有限公司 . 一种工业尾气发酵法制乙醇的方法及系统 : CN107099556B [P ] . 2021-03-05 .

Beijing Shougang LanzaTech Technology Co., Ltd . Method and system for producing ethanol by industrial off-gas fermentation : CN107099556B [P ] . 2021-03-05 .

北京首钢朗泽科技股份有限公司 . 一种高效率工业尾气发酵制醇工艺 : CN113652454B [P ] . 2023-09-01 .

Beijing Shougang LanzaTech Technology Co., Ltd . High-efficiency industrial off-gas fermentation process for alcohol production : CN113652454B [P ] . 2023-09-01 .

浏览量

下载量

CSCD

文章被引用时，请邮件提醒。

提交

工具集

关联资源

硫酸软骨素及其寡聚糖的生物合成进展

微生物利用乙酸和乙醇的研究进展

一碳化合物生物利用的合成生物学研究进展

真核微藻合成生物学研究进展和展望

合成生物学赋能细胞膜纳米颗粒的精准诊疗