合成生物学赋能细胞膜纳米颗粒的精准诊疗

黄扬; 李一叶; 聂广军

doi:10.12211/2096-8280.2025-069

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合成生物学赋能细胞膜纳米颗粒的精准诊疗

特约评述 | 更新时间：2026-03-07

- 合成生物学赋能细胞膜纳米颗粒的精准诊疗
- Synthetic biology-powered cell membrane-derived nanoparticles for precision theranostics
- 合成生物学 2026年7卷第1期页码：177-199
- 作者机构：
  
  1.国家纳米科学中心，中国科学院纳米生物效应与安全性重点实验室，中国科学院纳米科学卓越创新中心，北京100190
  2.中国科学院大学，纳米科学与工程学院，北京 100049
  3.中国科学院大学，材料科学与光电技术学院，北京 100049
- 作者简介：
  
  [ "黄扬（2001—），女，硕士研究生。研究方向为纳米材料在骨相关疾病中的应用。E-mail：huangy2023@nanoctr.cn" ]
  [ "李一叶（1977—），女，博士，研究员。研究方向为纳米生物医学与纳米药物。E-mail：liyy@nanoctr.cn" ]
  [ "聂广军（1974—），男，博士，研究员。研究方向为纳米生物学与智能纳米药物。E-mail：niegj@nanoctr.cn" ]
- 基金信息：
  
  国家自然科学基金(2021YFA1201103;2023YFC2509900)
- DOI：10.12211/2096-8280.2025-069
  中图分类号： Q816
- 收稿：2025-06-30，
  
  修回：2025-07-23，
  
  纸质出版：2026-02-28
- 稿件说明：
移动端阅览
黄扬，李一叶，聂广军. 合成生物学赋能细胞膜纳米颗粒的精准诊疗［J］. 合成生物学， 2026， 7（1）： 177-199

HUANG Yang， LI Yiye， NIE Guangjun. Synthetic biology-powered cell membrane-derived nanoparticles for precision theranostics［J］. Synthetic Biology Journal， 2026， 7（1）： 177-199
黄扬，李一叶，聂广军. 合成生物学赋能细胞膜纳米颗粒的精准诊疗［J］. 合成生物学， 2026， 7（1）： 177-199 DOI： 10.12211/2096-8280.2025-069.

HUANG Yang， LI Yiye， NIE Guangjun. Synthetic biology-powered cell membrane-derived nanoparticles for precision theranostics［J］. Synthetic Biology Journal， 2026， 7（1）： 177-199 DOI： 10.12211/2096-8280.2025-069.

摘要

细胞膜纳米颗粒（cell membrane-derived nanoparticle， CNP）能够有效整合天然细胞膜的生物学特性和纳米材料的理化性质，在疾病诊疗研究中展现出循环时间长、生物相容性好和靶向特异性强等优势；但其临床应用受限于天然膜的异质性和功能局限性。合成生物学为突破这一瓶颈提供了创新性策略，驱动CNP实现从天然仿生到精准设计的范式转变。基因工程技术通过物理、化学及生物学手段精准编辑细胞膜蛋白表达，而代谢工程技术通过糖类和脂质代谢等通路实现细胞膜表面功能分子的定向锚定，从而赋予CNP增强的靶向特异性、智能响应性与多功能协同性，使其在恶性肿瘤、心血管疾病和感染性疾病等多种疾病领域展现出巨大潜力。尽管在安全性评估、规模化生产和监管框架构建等方面仍面临挑战，但随着人工智能辅助设计、新型基因编辑和代谢介入技术的发展以及标准化生产平台的建立，合成生物学赋能的CNP有望实现从实验室研究向临床应用的跨越，发展成为助力精准医疗的智能纳米诊疗平台。

Abstract

Cell membrane-derived nanoparticles (CNPs) integrate the biological characteristics of natural cell membranes (

e.g.

immune evasion

lesion targeting and immune modulation) for the tailorable physicochemical properties of synthetic nanomaterials

demonstrating significant advantages such as prolonged circulation

high biocompatibility

and specific targeting in disease diagnosis and treatment. However

their clinical applications are limited by the inherent heterogeneity and functional limitations of natural membranes

including restricted targeting specificity

uncontrollable responsiveness

and lack of functionality. Synthetic biology provides innovative strategies to overcome these bottlenecks

driving a paradigm shift in CNPs from natural biomimicry to precise design. Genetic engineering enables precise editing of cell membrane protein expression

via

physical (

e.g.

electroporation

microinjection

and gene gun)

chemical (cationic lipids/polymers)

and biological (viral vectors) strategies. Concurrently

metabolic engineering regulates the directional anchoring of functional moieties on cell membranes through manipulating cells’ natural biosynthetic pathways

such as glycan (sialic acid and N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) salvage pathways) and lipid (cytidine 5

-diphosphocholine pathway) metabolism. These approaches endow CNPs with enhanced targeting specificity

intelligent responsiveness (

e.g.

pH/enzyme/light-triggered drug release)

and multifunctional synergy

enabling them to demonstrate significant therapeutic potentials on diverse diseases including malignant tumors

cardiovascular diseases

and infectious diseases. In oncology

synthetic CNPs (SCNPs) deliver chemotherapeutics

radiotherapy sensitizers and contrast agents with tumor-homing specificity and enable innovative immunotherapies by presenting checkpoint

inhibitors

tumor antigens or adjuvants. For cardiovascular diseases

SCNPs demonstrate remarkable inflammatory targeting and alleviation capabilities. In infectious diseases

SCNPs neutralize toxins

bacteria

and viruses as broad-spectrum “nanosponges”

while antigen-presenting SCNPs act as potent vaccines. Applications of SCNPs extend to autoimmune conditions

neurodegenerative disorders

and bone-related diseases. Although challenges remain in safety assessment

scalable manufacturing

and regulatory framework

advances in artificial intelligence-assisted rational design

novel gene editing tools (

e.g.

prime editing) for safer genomic modifications

metabolic intervention technologies

alongside the establishment of standardized production platforms

are poised to bridge the gap between laboratory research and clinic practice. Ultimately

synthetic biology-powered CNPs are anticipated to be evolved into intelligentnano-theranostic platforms facilitating precision medicine.

关键词

Keywords

references

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