光遗传学工具在学习记忆中的应用研究

郑益坤; 郑婕; 胡国鹏

doi:10.12211/2096-8280.2024-042

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光遗传学工具在学习记忆中的应用研究

特约评述 | 更新时间：2025-06-20

- 光遗传学工具在学习记忆中的应用研究
- Research on the application of optogenetic tools in learning and memory
- 合成生物学 2025年6卷第1期页码：87-104
- 作者机构：
  
  1.华侨大学体育学院，福建泉州 362021
  2.北京航空航天大学生物与医学工程学院，北京 100191
- 作者简介：
  
  [ "郑益坤（2001—），男，硕士研究生。研究方向为神经生理学，基因工程。E-mail：23014040042@stu.hqu.edu.cn" ]
  [ "郑婕（1996—），女，博士研究生。研究方向为分子生物学，仿生学，生物工程。E-mail：zhengjie4747@buaa.edu.cn" ]
  [ "胡国鹏（1978—），男，博士，教授。研究方向为运动生物化学，生理学，运动康复。E-mail：hugp@hqu.edu.cn" ]
- 基金信息：
  
  福建省自然科学基金(2020J01087);国家体育总局项目(20172ZB064)
- DOI：10.12211/2096-8280.2024-042
  中图分类号： Q81
- 收稿：2024-05-20，
  
  修回：2024-09-27，
  
  纸质出版：2025-01-31
- 稿件说明：
移动端阅览
郑益坤，郑婕，胡国鹏. 光遗传学工具在学习记忆中的应用研究［J］. 合成生物学， 2025， 6（1）： 87-104

ZHENG Yikun， ZHENG Jie， HU Guopeng. Research on the application of optogenetic tools in learning and memory［J］. Synthetic Biology Journal， 2025， 6（1）： 87-104
郑益坤，郑婕，胡国鹏. 光遗传学工具在学习记忆中的应用研究［J］. 合成生物学， 2025， 6（1）： 87-104 DOI： 10.12211/2096-8280.2024-042.

ZHENG Yikun， ZHENG Jie， HU Guopeng. Research on the application of optogenetic tools in learning and memory［J］. Synthetic Biology Journal， 2025， 6（1）： 87-104 DOI： 10.12211/2096-8280.2024-042.

摘要

光遗传学是一种结合光学和遗传学的新型细胞生物学工具。通过引入光激活通道（光敏感蛋白基因）到特定的神经元群体，光遗传学能够以毫秒级精度对这些神经元进行非侵入性光学控制。这一技术的进步为研究学习和记忆的神经生物学基础提供了强大支持。通过在活体动物中精确操控神经元活动，研究人员可以更详细地分析神经网络的功能，探索学习和记忆过程中的分子、细胞和神经回路机制。光遗传学不仅揭示了突触可塑性在记忆形成中的关键作用，还通过特定波长的光激活或抑制神经元，实现记忆的生成、消除和恢复。本文综述了光遗传学工具在学习和记忆研究中的应用，包括不同波长光照对受体的影响、光学刺激对记忆的激活和抑制，以及基于光遗传学的神经功能增强研究方法。然而，在光遗传学的应用过程中仍存在一些挑战，例如开发安全且高效的基因传递载体、优化光敏蛋白的性能、探索其在临床环境中转化的可行性等。解决这些问题对于光遗传学的进一步发展至关重要。未来，随着光遗传学工具的持续优化和跨学科技术的融合应用，这项技术有望在治疗神经系统疾病、增强认知功能与成瘾研究等领域提供新的理论基础和实践方法。

Abstract

Optogenetics represents an advanced technology that facilitates precise control of gene expression and neuronal activity in living cells through light. Introduced by neuroscientist K. Deisseroth in 2005

this methodology has transformed neuroscience research

empowering researchers to modulate excitable tissues and neural circuits with exceptional spatiotemporal accuracy. Optogenetics necessitates the expression of light-sensitive proteins

including channelrhodopsins

halorhodopsins

and various microbial opsins

within specific cells. Employing viral vectors and tissue-specific promoters

these proteins ensure targeted expression. Exposure to designated wavelengths of light permits these proteins to activate or inhibit cellular activity

thereby modulating neuronal behavior. The implementation of optogenetics has significantly enhanced comprehension of learning

memory

and neural plasticity. This technology enables the examination of the molecular dynamics associated with synaptic plasticity

long-term potentiation (LTP)

and long-term depression (LTD)

which are pivotal for memory. Real-time manipulating of specific neuronal populations can elucidate the intricate neural circuits involved in these phenomena. Additionally

optogenetics has facilitated the exploration of potential therapeutic approaches for neurological conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease by meticulously controlling memory-associated circuits. The utility of optogenetics transcends fundamental research

yielding promising prospects in addiction to studies and motor function enhancement. By modulating distinct neural circuits

it is possible to alter addiction-related behaviors and augment motor functions. Furthermore

the amalgamation of optogenetics with cutting-edge technologies like artificial intelligence and deep learning is anticipated to refine stimulation protocols

resulting in more precise and efficacious experimental outcomes. Notwithstanding its transformative capacity

the clinical application of optogenetics encounters significant obstacles

including the requisites for safe and effective gene delivery systems and the formulation of light-sensitive proteins with optimal characteristics for applications in human beings. Future investigations should concentrate on surmounting these hurdles while expanding the applications of optogenetics in neuroscience and related fields. The integration of optogenetics with multidisciplinary approaches is poised to unveil new realms in brain research

yielding profound insights into mechanisms governing memory

learning

and neural plasticity.

关键词

Keywords

references

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