几丁质资源生物降解和高值转化的研究进展

张阿磊; 魏国光; 张弛; 陈磊; 周奚; 刘伟; 陈可泉

doi:10.12211/2096-8280.2024-041

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几丁质资源生物降解和高值转化的研究进展

特约评述 | 更新时间：2025-04-11

- 几丁质资源生物降解和高值转化的研究进展
- Research progress on bio-degradation and valuable bio-conversion of chitinous resources
- 合成生物学 2024年5卷第6期页码：1279-1299
- 作者机构：
  
  南京工业大学生物与制药工程学院，材料化学工程国家重点实验室，江苏南京 211816
- 作者简介：
  
  张阿磊（1993—），男，副教授，硕士生导师。研究方向为以酶催化技术转化低值含氮大分子（甲壳素、硝化纤维素等）合成高值含氮化学品如材料单体、功能糖等，涉及酶挖掘、酶改造及酶催化过程强化等技术。E-mail：zhangalei@njtech.edu.cn
  陈可泉（1982—），男，教授，博士生导师。主要从事材料单体、医药中间体、营养化学品等生物制造研究，研究方向包括：①酶的挖掘、改造与固定化；②细胞工厂的构建与调控；③生物反应过程装备开发与过程强化；④生物基产品制造与工程化。E-mail：kqchen@njtech.edu.cn
- 基金信息：
  
  国家重点研发计划(2021YFA0911400);国家自然科学基金(22278220;U21B2097);江苏省农业自主创新基金（CX（22）3070）
- DOI：10.12211/2096-8280.2024-041
  中图分类号： Q814.1
- 收稿：2024-05-13，
  
  修回：2024-08-04，
  
  纸质出版：2024-12-31
- 稿件说明：
移动端阅览
张阿磊，魏国光，张弛，陈磊，周奚，刘伟，陈可泉. 几丁质资源生物降解和高值转化的研究进展［J］. 合成生物学， 2024， 5（6）： 1279-1299

ZHANG Alei， WEI Guoguang， ZHANG Chi， CHEN Lei， ZHOU Xi， LIU Wei， CHEN Kequan. Research progress on bio-degradation and valuable bio-conversion of chitinous resources［J］. Synthetic Biology Journal， 2024， 5（6）： 1279-1299
张阿磊，魏国光，张弛，陈磊，周奚，刘伟，陈可泉. 几丁质资源生物降解和高值转化的研究进展［J］. 合成生物学， 2024， 5（6）： 1279-1299 DOI： 10.12211/2096-8280.2024-041.

ZHANG Alei， WEI Guoguang， ZHANG Chi， CHEN Lei， ZHOU Xi， LIU Wei， CHEN Kequan. Research progress on bio-degradation and valuable bio-conversion of chitinous resources［J］. Synthetic Biology Journal， 2024， 5（6）： 1279-1299 DOI： 10.12211/2096-8280.2024-041.

摘要

几丁质是由

-乙酰氨基葡萄糖（GlcNAc）通过β-1，4-糖苷键构成的高分子聚合物，是地球上储量最丰富的含氮生物质资源，在自然界分布广泛，主要存在于虾蟹外壳、昆虫外骨骼和真菌细胞壁中。由于几丁质含量巨大、可再生，特别是含有珍贵的氮元素，其资源化利用一直受到广泛关注。然而几丁质结构中丰富的氢键作用力与巨大的分子量，赋予了其高结晶度和不溶于水的特性，导致其降解和高值化利用受到挑战，因此常被作为垃圾丢弃或掩埋，污染环境的同时浪费资源。在几丁质降解利用的众多方法中，生物法因过程环保、反应条件温和等优点，在绿色可持续发展的大背景下展现出巨大潜力。本文首先系统介绍了自然界中催化几丁质降解关键酶的来源与分类、催化机制及特性。其次综述了生物法降解几丁质为单糖（GlcNAc和氨基葡萄糖）和寡糖（几丁寡糖和壳寡糖），以及进一步生物转化合成含氮化合物的现状。最后阐述了几丁质生物降解和高值转化过程中所面临的几丁质降解与转化酶活性低、效率差及成本高昂等诸多挑战，展望了发展迅速的合成生物学在几丁质生物转化中的重要作用，这将为几丁质资源的高效生物炼制提供助力。

Abstract

Chitin

a linear homo-polysaccharides composed of

-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) through β-1

4-glycosidic bonds

is the richest nitrogen containing biomass resource on earth

with an annual production of 10 billion tonnes. Chitin is widely distributed in nature

mainly found in the shells of shrimps and crabs

the exoskeletons of insects

and t

he cell walls of fungi. Due to its abundance and renewablity

especially the presence of the valuable nitrogen element

chitin receives widespread attention. However

the abundant hydrogen bonds in the structure of chitin and its huge molecular weight make it highly crystalline and insoluble in water

which leads to challenges in its degradation and high-value utilization. Thus

chitin resource is often discarded as wastes or buried

leading to serious environment issues and wasted resources. Conversion of abundant chitin resources into high value-added chemicals has both environmental and economic significance. Nowadays

the utilization of chitin resources is mainly done by efficient

low-cost chemical method

but causing huge environmental pollution. Compared with chemical method

the biological method shows great potential in the context of green and sustainable development due to the advantages of environmentally friendly process and mild reaction conditions. In this review

the sources and classifications

catalytic mechanisms and properties of key enzymes for chitin degradation are introduced. Secondly

the current status of chitin biodegradation to monosaccharides (GlcNAc and glucosamine) and oligosaccharides (

-acetyl chitooligosaccharides and chitooligosaccharides)

and further bio-converted into nitrogen-containing chemicals are reviewed. Although many studies on enzymes involved in chitin degradation and conversion have been carried out with certain achievements

the diversity and complexity of these enzymes

coupled with the low activity and secretory nature and other factors

have hindered the real industrial chitin degradation and conversion. Consequently

the challenges in biodegradation and high-value conversion process of chitin such as low activity of enzyme

poor efficiency and high cost are highlighted. Finally

the important role of rapidly developing synthetic biology technologies in chitin utilization is envisaged

which will aid the efficient bio-refining of chitinous reso

urces.

关键词

Keywords

references

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