类器官：技术创新与伦理争议

陈倩文; 赵思琪; 彭耀进

doi:10.12211/2096-8280.2024-009

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类器官：技术创新与伦理争议

研究论文 | 更新时间：2025-03-19

- 类器官：技术创新与伦理争议
- Organoids: technological innovation and ethical controversies
- 合成生物学 2024年5卷第4期页码：898-907
- 作者机构：
  
  1.中国科学院动物研究所，北京 100101
  2.北京干细胞与再生医学研究院，北京 100101
- 作者简介：
  
  [ "陈倩文（1993—），女，博士，中国科学院动物研究所博士后。研究方向为生命科技法与伦理等。E-mail：qianwen.chen@ioz.ac.cn" ]
  [ "彭耀进（1986—），男，中国科学院动物研究所，北京干细胞与再生医学研究院致一研究员，科技伦理研究中心主任。研究方向包括生命科技法与伦理，知识产权与标准，科技与创新政策等。E-mail：yaojin.peng@ioz.ac.cn" ]
- 基金信息：
  
  国家重点研发计划“基于干细胞的智能多器官芯片系统及应用”项目(2022YFA1104700);国家社会科学基金重大项目(19ZDA040);中国科学院青年创新促进会项目(2021080)
- DOI：10.12211/2096-8280.2024-009
  中图分类号： Q816
- 收稿：2024-01-17，
  
  修回：2024-05-24，
  
  纸质出版：2024-08-31
- 稿件说明：
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陈倩文，赵思琪，彭耀进. 类器官：技术创新与伦理争议［J］. 合成生物学， 2024， 5（4）： 898-907

CHEN Qianwen， ZHAO Siqi， PENG Yaojin. Organoids： technological innovation and ethical controversies［J］. Synthetic Biology Journal， 2024， 5（4）： 898-907
陈倩文，赵思琪，彭耀进. 类器官：技术创新与伦理争议［J］. 合成生物学， 2024， 5（4）： 898-907 DOI： 10.12211/2096-8280.2024-009.

CHEN Qianwen， ZHAO Siqi， PENG Yaojin. Organoids： technological innovation and ethical controversies［J］. Synthetic Biology Journal， 2024， 5（4）： 898-907 DOI： 10.12211/2096-8280.2024-009.

摘要

类器官技术，通过利用干细胞在体外培养构建的三维（3D）微型器官模型，模拟人体器官的结构及功能，已在疾病建模、药物筛选等生物医药领域得到广泛应用。然而，该前沿领域的快速发展亦引发一系列伦理问题，这些问题的解决对于促进领域的规范化与合法化发展至关重要。本文首先解析类器官技术的发展历程，并探讨其特征与应用价值。当前，类器官技术正逐步向构建更复杂的器官系统、实现更高仿真度及与其他技术的深度融合方向发展。考虑到人源类器官的特殊性、复杂性及敏感性，重点深入探讨了伴随技术进展而出现的伦理挑战，包括捐赠者的知情同意、隐私保护、技术的可及性，以及在模拟敏感器官（如大脑和胚胎）时所涉及的道德地位问题。国际组织与主要发达国家已在类器官研究的伦理治理方面采取了多项措施，通过发布伦理指南或标准，从多个维度应对类器官领域的伦理问题。相比之下，我国在这一领域尚未出台相关的立法政策。最后，本文提出了从评估量表的设计原则、评估标准的制定、量化方法、实施与监管、持续评估与反馈等要素构建“道德评估量表”框架，并建议加强跨学科合作，完善知情同意流程，以及建立国际统一的伦理准则。此外，支持伦理研究和公共讨论也是确保类器官技术负责任发展的关键措施。通过深入探讨类器官技术带来的伦理挑战及其应对之策，旨在促进科技创新与伦理关切之间的平衡，推动类器官领域的负责任创新，以更好地服务于人类健康和福祉。

Abstract

Organoid technology

which leverages the cultivation of three-dimensional (3D) miniature organ models from stem cells

in vitro

to simulate the structure and function of human organs

has emerged as a cornerstone in biomedical fields such as disease modeling and drug screening. Despite its significant contributions

the rapid advancement of this frontier technology also raises profound ethical challenges

necessitating a robust framework for its normalization and legalization. This paper firstly provides a comprehensive analysis of the development of organoid technology

elucidating its distinctive characteristics and substantial value in biomedical applications. Currently

the technology is advancing towards the construction of more complex organ systems

achieving higher fidelity

and integrating more intricately with other cutting-edge technologies. This evolution enhances the capability of organoids to mimic human physiology accurately

thereby improving the predictive accuracy of medical research and pharmaceutical developments. The paper examines the primary ethical challenges raised by organoid technology

including the informed consent of dono

privacy protection

and equitable access to this technology. These issues are pivotal in maintaining public trust and compliance with ethical norms. Additionally

it explores the ethical implications of modeling sensitive organs such as the brain and embryos

raising questions about the moral status of such models and potential psychological impacts on society. It also reviews how various countries and international organizations respond to these ethical controversies. Major developed countries and international bodies have adopted a variety of governance measures

primarily in the form of ethical guidelines or standards

which provide a flexible yet sometimes insufficient framework for addressing rapidly evolving technologies. In contrast

China lacks specific legislative policies regarding organoid technology

indicating a need for tailored governance strategies that align with both international standards and local ethical considerations. In order to bridge these gaps

this paper attempts to construct a “moral assessment scale” framework. This tool is designed to quantify ethical considerations and guide decision-making in organoid research and application. The paper advocates for strengthened interdisciplinary cooperation and the improvement of the informed consent process

essential for ethical compliance. Moreover

establishing an international unified ethical code could facilitate global cooperation and harmonize standards across borders. Supporting ethical research and fostering public discussions are also crucial for the responsible development of organoid technologies. By thoroughly examining the ethical challenges and proposing actionable solutions

this paper aims to foster a balance between scientific innovation and ethical responsibility. This balanced approach will not only advance the field but also ensure that it develops in a manner respecting human dignity and societal values

ultimately better serving human health and well-being.

关键词

Keywords

references

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