化能驱动的产乙酸菌转化利用CO2研究进展
Progress on bio-fixation and utilization of CO2 in acetogens driven by chemical energy
- 合成生物学 2023年4卷第6期 页码：1178-1190
- 作者机构：
1.中国科学院青岛生物能源与过程研究所，中国科学院生物燃料重点实验室，青岛市碳一炼制工程研究中心，山东 青岛266101
2.山东荣信集团有限公司，山东 济宁 273517
- 作者简介：
[ "文志琼（1993—），女，博士研究生。研究方向为厌氧梭菌生理生化。E-mail：wenzq@qibebt.ac.cn" ]
[ "李福利（1975—），男，研究员，博士生导师。研究方向为厌氧微生物能量代谢，一碳生物转化合成生物学。E-mail：lifl@qibebt.ac.cn" ]
- 基金信息：国家自然科学基金联合基金重点项目(U22A20425);济宁市重点研发计划(2022JBZP008);山东能源研究院专项(SEI S202104)
DOI：10.12211/2096-8280.2023-045
中图分类号： Q81收稿：2023-06-30，
修回：2023-09-14，
纸质出版：2023-12-31
- 稿件说明：
移动端阅览
文志琼， 李煜真， 张金刚， 王菲菲， 马小清， 李福利. 化能驱动的产乙酸菌转化利用CO2研究进展［J］. 合成生物学， 2023， 4（6）： 1178-1190
WEN Zhiqiong， LI Yuzhen， ZHANG Jin′gang， Wang Feifei， MA Xiaoqing， LI Fuli. Progress on bio-fixation and utilization of CO2 in acetogens driven by chemical energy［J］. Synthetic Biology Journal， 2023， 4（6）： 1178-1190
文志琼， 李煜真， 张金刚， 王菲菲， 马小清， 李福利. 化能驱动的产乙酸菌转化利用CO2研究进展［J］. 合成生物学， 2023， 4（6）： 1178-1190 DOI： 10.12211/2096-8280.2023-045.
WEN Zhiqiong， LI Yuzhen， ZHANG Jin′gang， Wang Feifei， MA Xiaoqing， LI Fuli. Progress on bio-fixation and utilization of CO2 in acetogens driven by chemical energy［J］. Synthetic Biology Journal， 2023， 4（6）： 1178-1190 DOI： 10.12211/2096-8280.2023-045.
摘要
利用微生物发酵一碳气体生产燃料和高值化学品，是实现碳资源回收利用和绿色生物制造的重要途径之一。产乙酸菌可利用CO或H
2
为能量来源，通过伍德-永达尔（Wood-Ljungdahl）途径固定CO
2
，维持自身代谢，并生产乙酸、乙醇等高附加值产品。相较于化学催化而言，该生物催化过程对原料气体比例要求不高、反应条件温和、产物选择性高。在气体发酵中，CO和H
2
均可作为菌株生长和代谢的能量来源，二者具有不同的能量代谢模式。同时，不同的产乙酸菌代谢产物也不相同。发酵过程中气体溶解度低限制了能量供给，导致微生物生长速率慢、原料利用率低以及目标产物产量低等问题。提高气体利用效率和扩大产乙酸菌的产物谱，是面向产业化应用的必然要求。本文简述了产乙酸菌的伍德-永达尔途径、产乙酸途径和产乙醇途径等天然代谢途径，从分子改造的角度总结了产乙酸菌利用一碳气体发酵生产高附加值产品如乙醇、2，3-丁二醇、丙酮、异丙醇等的相关研究进展，并从提高能量供给和产物选择性的角度进行了总结。最后，本文以能量代谢为切入点对产乙酸菌转化一碳气体进行了展望，以期为未来的生物制造提供参考。
Abstract
To promote the development of carbon utilization and biomanufacturing industry
one-carbon substrates are expected to be the next generation feedstocks and attracted much attention because of their abundance and availability for value-added products. Acetog
ens can naturally use syngas (CO
CO
2
and H
2
) through the classical Wood-Ljungdahl pathway to support their growth and produce value-added chemicals such as acetic acid and ethanol. Compared to chemical catalysis
this biorefinery process has the advantages of low requirements for feedstocks
mild reaction conditions and high product selectivity. In some acetogens
both CO and H
2
can act as energy sources to provide the reducing equivalents required for growth and metabolism during gas fermentation. In particular
acetogens utilizing CO and H
2
have distinct patterns of energy metabolism. Compared to H
2
CO is a more thermodynamically favorable energy source for gas fermentation. In general
different acetogens during autotrophic growth with syngas as carbon source and energy source can produce different products. However
the low solubility of gases in liquid medium
as well as the poor mass transfer and diffusion
limits the energy supply during the fermentation
resulting in slow growth rate of microorganisms
low raw material utilization
and low target product yield. Therefore
improving syngas utilization efficiency and enlarging products spectrum of acetogens are both of great importance to meet the demands of industrialization. In recent years
with the development of synthetic biology and molecular genetic tools
modification of acetogen strains has been well designed. In this review
we briefly described the natural metabolic pathways such as ethanol and acetone metabolism pathways
and summarized the progress of acetogens in autotrophic fermentation using syngas as energy sources to produce value-added products such as ethanol
2
3-butanediol
acetone and isoprepanol. For engineering the acetogens
we summarized the pathways to produce natural and non-natural chemicals. Finally
the energy capture and utilization of acetogens was prospected
with the aim to facilitate the future advancement of biorefineries.
2
关键词
Keywords
references
HU K X , RAGHUTLA C , CHITTEDI K R , et al . The effect of energy resources on economic growth and carbon emissions: a way forward to carbon neutrality in an emerging economy [J ] . Journal of Environmental Management , 2021 , 298 : 113448 .
许敬亮 , 常春 , 韩秀丽 , 等 . 合成气乙醇发酵技术研究进展 [J ] . 化工进展 , 2019 , 38 ( 1 ): 586 - 597 .
XU J L , CHANG C , HAN X L , et al . Research progress on bioethanol production technologies through syngas fermentation [J ] . Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress , 2019 , 38 ( 1 ): 586 - 597 .
HENSTRA A M , SIPMA J , RINZEMA A , et al . Microbiology of synthesis gas fermentation for biofuel production [J ] . Current Opinion in Biotechnology , 2007 , 18 ( 3 ): 200 - 206 .
LIU Z H , WANG K , CHEN Y , et al . Third-generation biorefineries as the means to produce fuels and chemicals from CO 2 [J ] . Nature Catalysis , 2020 , 3 ( 3 ): 274 - 288 .
DRAKE H L , GÖSSNER A S , DANIEL S L . Old acetogens, new light [J ] . Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences , 2008 , 1125 : 100 - 128 .
HUMPHREYS C M , MINTON N P . Advances in metabolic engineering in the microbial production of fuels and chemicals from C 1 gas [J ] . Current Opinion in Biotechnology , 2018 , 50 : 174 - 181 .
SCHUCHMANN K , MÜLLER V . Energetics and application of heterotrophy in acetogenic bacteria [J ] . Applied and Environmental Microbiology , 2016 , 82 ( 14 ): 4056 - 4069 .
HEIJSTRA B D , LEANG C , JUMINAGA A . Gas fermentation: cellular engineering possibilities and scale up [J ] . Microbial Cell Factories , 2017 , 16 ( 1 ): 60 .
BALCH W E , SCHOBERTH S , TANNER R S , et al . Acetobacterium , a new genus of hydrogen-oxidizing, carbon dioxide-reducing, anaerobic bacteria [J ] . International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology , 1977 , 27 ( 4 ): 355 - 361 .
BRAUN M , MAYER F , GOTTSCHALK G . Clostridium aceticum (Wieringa), a microorganism producing acetic acid from molecular hydrogen and carbon dioxide [J ] . Archives of Microbiology , 1981 , 128 ( 3 ): 288 - 293 .
MAYER A , SCHÄDLER T , TRUNZ S , et al . Carbon monoxide conversion with Clostridium aceticum [J ] . Biotechnology and Bioengineering , 2018 , 115 ( 11 ): 2740 - 2750 .
ABRINI J , NAVEAU H , NYNS E J . Clostridium autoethanogenum , sp. nov., an anaerobic bacterium that produces ethanol from carbon monoxide [J ] . Archives of Microbiology , 1994 , 161 ( 4 ): 345 - 351 .
KÖPKE M , MIHALCEA C , LIEW F , et al . 2,3-Butanediol production by acetogenic bacteria, an alternative route to chemical synthesis, using industrial waste gas [J ] . Applied and Environmental Microbiology , 2011 , 77 ( 15 ): 5467 - 5475 .
LIOU J S C , BALKWILL D L , DRAKE G R , et al . Clostridium carboxidivorans sp. nov., a solvent-producing clostridium isolated from an agricultural settling lagoon, and reclassification of the acetogen Clostridium scatologenes strain SL1 as Clostridium drakei sp. nov [J ] . International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology , 2005 , 55 ( 5 ): 2085 - 2091 .
LI N , YANG J J , CHAI C S , et al . Complete genome sequence of Clostridium carboxidivorans P7 T , a syngas-fermenting bacterium capable of producing long-chain alcohols [J ] . Journal of Biotechnology , 2015 , 211 : 44 - 45 .
TANNER R S , MILLER L M , YANG D . Clostridium ljungdahlii sp. nov., an acetogenic species in clostridial rRNA homology group I [J ] . International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology , 1993 , 43 ( 2 ): 232 - 236 .
KÖPKE M , HELD C , HUJER S , et al . Clostridium ljungdahlii represents a microbial production platform based on syngas [J ] . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , 2010 , 107 ( 29 ): 13087 - 13092 .
BENGELSDORF F R , POEHLEIN A , LINDER S , et al . Industrial acetogenic biocatalysts: a comparative metabolic and genomic analysis [J ] . Frontiers in Microbiology , 2016 , 7 : 1036 .
JEONG Y , SONG Y , SHIN H S , et al . Draft genome sequence of acid-tolerant Clostridium drakei SL1 T , a potential chemical producer through syngas fermentation [J ] . Genome Announcements , 2014 , 2 ( 3 ): e00387-14 .
MÖLLER B , OßMER R , HOWARD B H , et al . Sporomusa , a new genus of gram-negative anaerobic bacteria including Sporomusa sphaeroides spec. nov. and Sporomusa ovata spec. nov [J ] . Archives of Microbiology , 1984 , 139 ( 4 ): 388 - 396 .
POEHLEIN A , GOTTSCHALK G , DANIEL R . First insights into the genome of the gram-negative, endospore-forming organism Sporomusa ovata strain H1 DSM 2662 [J ] . Genome Announcements , 2013 , 1 ( 5 ): e00734-13 .
DANIEL S L , HSU T , DEAN S I , et al . Characterization of the H 2 - and CO-dependent chemolithotrophic potentials of the acetogens Clostridium thermoaceticum and Acetogenium kivui [J ] . Journal of Bacteriology , 1990 , 172 ( 8 ): 4464 - 4471 .
HESS V , POEHLEIN A , WEGHOFF M C , et al . A genome-guided analysis of energy conservation in the thermophilic, cytochrome-free acetogenic bacterium Thermoanaerobacter kivui [J ] . BMC Genomics , 2014 , 15 : 1139 .
FONTAINE F E , PETERSON W H , MCCOY E , et al . A new t ype of glucose fermentation by Clostridium thermoaceticum [J ] . Journal of Bacteriology , 1942 , 43 ( 6 ): 701 - 715 .
BENGELSDORF F R , POEHLEIN A , ESSER C , et al . Complete genome sequence of the acetogenic bacterium Moorella thermoacetica DSM 2955 T [J ] . Genome Announcements , 2015 , 3 ( 5 ): e01157-15 .
RAGSDALE S W , PIERCE E . Acetogenesis and the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway of CO 2 fixation [J ] . Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Proteins and Proteomics , 2008 , 1784 ( 12 ): 1873 - 1898 .
CLAASSENS N J , COTTON C A R , KOPLJAR D , et al . Making quantitative sense of electromicrobial production [J ] . Nature Catalysis , 2019 , 2 ( 5 ): 437 - 447 .
SCHUCHMANN K , MÜLLER V . Autotrophy at the thermodynamic limit of life: a model for energy conservation in acetogenic bacteria [J ] . Nature Reviews Microbiology , 2014 , 12 ( 12 ): 809 - 821 .
WOOLSTON B M , EMERSON D F , CURRIE D H , et al . Rediverting carbon flux in Clostridium ljungdahlii using CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) [J ] . Metabolic Engineering , 2018 , 48 : 243 - 253 .
ANNAN F J , AL-SINAWI B , HUMPHREYS C M , et al . Engineering of vitamin prototrophy in Clostridium ljungdahlii and Clostridium autoethanogenum [J ] . Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology , 2019 , 103 ( 11 ): 4633 - 4648 .
HUANG H , CHAI C S , YANG S , et al . Phage serine integrase-mediated genome engineering for efficient expression of chemical biosynthetic pathway in gas-fermenting Clostridium ljungdahlii [J ] . Metabolic Engineering , 2019 , 52 : 293 - 302 .
JIN S , BAE J Y , SONG Y , et al . Synthetic biology on acetogenic bacteria for highly efficient conversion of C 1 gases to biochemicals [J ] . International Journal of Molecular Sciences , 2020 , 21 ( 20 ): 7639 .
BAE J Y , SONG Y , LEE H , et al . Valorization of C 1 gases to value-added chemicals using acetogenic biocatalysts [J ] . Chemical Engineering Journal , 2022 , 428 : 131325 .
LIEW F E , NOGLE R , ABDALLA T , et al . Carbon-negative production of acetone and isopropanol by gas fermentation at industrial pilot scale [J ] . Nature Biotechnology , 2022 , 40 ( 3 ): 335 - 344 .
RAGSDALE S W . Enzymology of the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway of acetogenesis [J ] . Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences , 2008 , 1125 : 129 - 136 .
KÖPKE M , SIMPSON S D . Pollution to products: recycling of 'above ground' carbon by gas fermentation [J ] . Current Opinion in Biotechnology , 2020 , 65 : 180 - 189 .
JEONG J , BERTSCH J , HESS V , et al . Energy conservation model based on genomic and experimental analyses of a carbon monoxide-utilizing, butyrate-forming acetogen, Eubacterium limosum KIST612 [J ] . Applied and Environmental Microbiology , 2015 , 81 ( 14 ): 4782 - 4790 .
BERTSCH J , MÜLLER V . CO metabolism in the acetogen Acetobacterium woodii [J ] . Applied and Environmental Microbiology , 2015 , 81 ( 17 ): 5949 - 5956 .
WEGHOFF M C , MÜLLER V . CO metabolism in the t hermophilic acetogen Thermoanaerobacter kivui [J ] . Applied and Environmental Microbiology , 2016 , 82 ( 8 ): 2312 - 2319 .
MOLITOR B , MARCELLIN E , ANGENENT L T . Overcoming the energetic limitations of syngas fermentation [J ] . Current Opinion in Chemical Biology , 2017 , 41 : 84 - 92 .
ÖPPINGER C , KREMP F , MÜLLER V . Is reduced ferredoxin the physiological electron donor for MetVF-type methylenetetrahydrofolate reductases in acetogenesis? A hypothesis [J ] . International Microbiology , 2022 , 25 ( 1 ): 75 - 88 .
LIEW F , MARTIN M E , TAPPEL R C , et al . Gas fermentation—a flexible platform for commercial scale production of low-carbon-fuels and chemicals from waste and renewable feedstocks [J ] . Frontiers in Microbiology , 2016 , 7 : 694 .
HESS V , SCHUCHMANN K , MÜLLER V . The ferredoxin: NAD + oxidoreductase (Rnf) from the acetogen Acetobacterium woodii requires Na + and is reversibly coupled to the membrane potential [J ] . The Journal of Biological Chemistry , 2013 , 288 ( 44 ): 31496 - 31502 .
TREMBLAY P L , ZHANG T , DAR S A , et al . The Rnf complex of Clostridium ljungdahlii is a proton-translocating ferredoxin: NAD + oxidoreductase essential for autotrophic growth [J ] . mBio , 2013 , 4 ( 1 ): e00406-12 .
HEFFERNAN J K , VALGEPEA K , DE SOUZA PINTO LEMGRUBER R , et al . Enhancing CO 2 -valorization using Clostridium autoethanogenum for sustainable fuel and chemicals production [J ] . Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology , 2020 , 8 : 204 .
PETERS J W , MILLER A F , JONES A K , et al . Electron bifurcation [J ] . Current Opinion in Chemical Biology , 2016 , 31 : 146 - 152 .
MAHAMKALI V , VALGEPEA K , DE SOUZA PINTO LEMGRUBER R , et al . Redox controls metabolic robustness in the gas-fermenting acetogen Clostridium autoethanogenum [J ] . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , 2020 , 117 ( 23 ): 13168 - 13175 .
PAVAN M , REINMETS K , GARG S , et al . Advances in systems metabolic engineering of autotrophic carbon oxide-fixing biocatalysts towards a circular economy [J ] . Metabolic Engineering , 2022 , 71 : 117 - 141 .
MARTIN M E , RICHTER H , SAHA S , et al . Traits of selected Clostridium strains for syngas fermentation to ethanol [J ] . Biotechnology and Bioengineering , 2016 , 113 ( 3 ): 531 - 539 .
VALGEPEA K , LOI K Q , BEHRENDORFF J B , et al . Arginine deiminase pathway provides ATP and boosts growth of the gas-fermenting acetogen Clostridium autoethanogenum [J ] . Metabolic Engineering , 2017 , 41 : 202 - 211 .
李婉麒 , 杨凤娟 , 贾德臣 , 等 . 合成气的生物利用与定向转化 [J ] . 化工进展 , 2023 , 42 ( 1 ): 73 - 85 .
LI W Q , YANG F J , JIA D C , et al . Biological utilization and conversion of syngas [J ] . Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress , 2023 , 42 ( 1 ): 73 - 85 .
BERTSCH J , MÜLLER V . Bioenergetic constraints for conversion of syngas to biofuels in acetogenic bacteria [J ] . Biotechnology for Biofuels , 2015 , 8 ( 1 ): 210 .
KANG H , PARK B , OH S , et al . Metabolism perturbation caused by the overexpression of carbon monoxide dehydrogenase/acetyl-CoA synthase gene complex accelerated gas to acetate conversion rate of Eubacterium limosum KIST612 [J ] . Bioresource Technology , 2021 , 341 : 125879 .
STRAUB M , DEMLER M , WEUSTER-BOTZ D , et al . Selective enhancement of autotrophic acetate production with genetically modified Acetobacterium woodii [J ] . Journal of Biotechnology , 2014 , 178 : 67 - 72 .
LEANG C , UEKI T , NEVIN K P , et al . A genetic system for Clostridium ljungdahlii : a chassis for autotrophic production of biocommodities and a model homoacetogen [J ] . Applied and Environmental Microbiology , 2013 , 79 ( 4 ): 1102 - 1109 .
ZHU H F , LIU Z Y , ZHOU X A , et al . Energy conservation and carbon flux distribution during fermentation of CO or H 2 /CO 2 by Clostridium ljungdahlii [J ] . Frontiers in Microbiology , 2020 , 11 : 416 .
JIA D C , HE M Y , TIAN Y , et al . Metabolic engineering of gas-fermenting Clostridium ljungdahlii for efficient co-production of isopropanol, 3-hydroxybutyrate, and ethanol [J ] . ACS Synthetic Biology , 2021 , 10 ( 10 ): 2628 - 2638 .
KÖPKE M , GERTH M L , MADDOCK D J , et al . Reconstruction of an acetogenic 2,3-butanediol pathway involving a novel NADPH-dependent primary-secondary alcohol dehydrogenase [J ] . Applied and Environmental Microbiology , 2014 , 80 ( 11 ): 3394 - 3403 .
REDL S , SUKUMARA S , PLOEGER T , et al . Thermodynamics and economic feasibility of acetone production from syngas using the thermophilic production host Moorella thermoacetica [J ] . Biotechnology for Biofuels , 2017 , 10 ( 1 ): 1 - 17 .
KANG S , SONG Y , JIN S , et al . Adaptive laboratory evolution of Eubacterium limosum ATCC 8486 on carbon monoxide [J ] . Frontiers in Microbiology , 2020 , 11 : 402 .
LITTY D , MÜLLER V . Butyrate production in the acetogen Eubacterium limosum is dependent on the carbon and energy source [J ] . Microbial Biotechnology , 2021 , 14 ( 6 ): 2686 - 2692 .
DINER B A , FAN J , SCOTCHER M C , et al . Synthesis of heterologous mevalonic acid pathway enzymes in Clostridium ljungdahlii for the conversion of fructose and of syngas to mevalonate and isoprene [J ] . Applied and Environmental Microbiology , 2017 , 84 ( 1 ): e01723 - e01717 .
UEKI T , NEVIN K P , WOODARD T L , et al . Converting carbon dioxide to butyrate with an engineered strain of Clostridium ljungdahlii [J ] . mBio , 2014 , 5 ( 5 ): e01636 - e01614 .
ZHAO R , LIU Y Q , ZHANG H A , et al . CRISPR-Cas12a-mediated gene deletion and regulation in Clostridium ljungdahlii and its application in carbon flux redirection in synthesis gas fermentation [J ] . ACS Synthetic Biology , 2019 , 8 ( 10 ): 2270 - 2279 .
LIU Z Y , JIA D C , ZHANG K D , et al . Ethanol metabolism dynamics in Clostridium ljungdahlii grown on carbon monoxide [J ] . Applied and Environmental Microbiology , 2020 , 86 ( 14 ): e00730 - e00720 .
LIEW F , HENSTRA A M , KӦPKE M , et al . Metabolic engineering of Clostridium autoethanogenum for selective alcohol production [J ] . Metabolic Engineering , 2017 , 40 : 104 - 114 .
DE SOUZA PINTO LEMGRUBER R , VALGEPEA K , TAPPEL R , et al . Systems-level engineering and characterisation of Clostridium autoethanogenum through heterologous production of poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) [J ] . Metabolic Engineering , 2019 , 53 : 14 - 23 .
KATSYV A , MÜLLER V . Overcoming energetic barriers in acetogenic C 1 conversion [J ] . Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology , 2020 , 8 : 621166 .
SKIDMORE B E , BAKER R A , BANJADE D R , et al . Syngas fermentation to biofuels: effects of hydrogen partial pressure on hydrogenase efficiency [J ] . Biomass and Bioenergy , 2013 , 55 : 156 - 162 .
RAGSDALE S W . Life with carbon monoxide [J ] . Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , 2004 , 39 ( 3 ): 165 - 195 .
EMERSON D F , WOOLSTON B M , LIU N A , et al . Enhancing hydrogen-dependent growth of and carbon dioxide fixation by Clostridium ljungdahlii through nitrate supplementation [J ] . Biotechnology and Bioengineering , 2019 , 116 ( 2 ): 294 - 306 .
KLASK C M , KLIEM-KUSTER N , MOLITOR B , et al . Nitrate feed improves growth and ethanol production of Clostridium ljungdahlii with CO 2 and H 2 , but results in stochastic inhibition events [J ] . Frontiers in Microbiology , 2020 , 11 : 724 .
SONG Y , LEE J S , SHIN J , et al . Functional cooperation of the glycine synthase-reductase and Wood-Ljungdahl pathways for autotrophic growth of Clostridium drakei [J ] . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , 2020 , 117 ( 13 ): 7516 - 7523 .
BECK M H , FLAIZ M , BENGELSDORF F R , et al . Induced heterologous expression of the arginine deiminase pathway promotes growth advantages in the strict anaerobe Acetobacterium woodii [J ] . Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology , 2020 , 104 ( 2 ): 687 - 699 .
CHENG C , LI W M , LIN M , et al . Metabolic engineering of Clostridium carboxidivorans for enhanced ethanol and butanol production from syngas and glucose [J ] . Bioresource Technology , 2019 , 284 : 415 - 423 .
SAKIMOTO K K , WONG A B , YANG P D . Self-photosensitization of nonphotosynthetic bacteria for solar-to-chemical production [J ] . Science , 2016 , 351 ( 6268 ): 74 - 77 .
GÖBBELS L , POEHLEIN A , DUMNITCH A , et al . Cysteine: an overlooked energy and carbon source [J ] . Scientific Reports , 2021 , 11 : 2139 .
TAKEMURA K , KATO J , KATO S , et al . Enhancing acetone production from H 2 and CO 2 using supplemental electron acceptors in an engineered Moorella thermoacetica [J ] . Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering , 2023 , 136 ( 1 ): 13 - 19 .
JACK J , LO J , MANESS P C , et al . Directing Clostridium ljungdahlii fermentation products via hydrogen to carbon monoxide ratio in syngas [J ] . Biomass and Bioenergy , 2019 , 124 : 95 - 101 .
KUNDIYANA D K , HUHNKE R L , MADDIPATI P , et al . Feasibility of incorporating cotton seed extract in Clostridium strain P11 fermentation medium during synthesis gas fermentation [J ] . Bioresource Technology , 2010 , 101 ( 24 ): 9673 - 9680 .
SUN X , ATIYEH H K , ZHANG H L , et al . Enhanced ethanol production from syngas by Clostridium ragsdalei in continuous stirred tank reactor using medium with poultry litter biochar [J ] . Applied Energy , 2019 , 236 : 1269 - 1279 .
OH H J , KO J K , GONG G , et al . Production of hexanol as the main product through syngas fermentation by Clostridium carboxidivorans P7 [J ] . Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology , 2022 , 10 : 850370 .
COTTER J L , CHINN M S , GRUNDEN A M . Influence of process parameters on growth of Clostridium ljungdahlii and Clostridium autoethanogenum on synthesis gas [J ] . Enzyme and Microbial Technology , 2009 , 44 ( 5 ): 281 - 288 .
JUMPER J , EVANS R , PRITZEL A , et al . Highly accurate protein structure prediction with AlphaFold [J ] . Nature , 2021 , 596 ( 7873 ): 583 - 589 .
BAEK M , DIMAIO F , ANISHCHENKO I , et al . Accurate prediction of protein structures and interactions using a three-track neural network [J ] . Science , 2021 , 373 ( 6557 ): 871 - 876 .
0
浏览量
1
下载量
3
CSCD
- 网络PDF下载
- WORD下载
- Meta-XML下载
- BibTeX下载
- Endnote下载
- RefMan 下载
- NoteExpress下载
- NoteFirst下载
关联资源
相关文章
相关作者
相关机构
- 地址：北京市东城区青年湖南街13号 邮编：100000
- 联系电话：010-64519339
- 技术支持由北京北大方正电子有限公司提供 京ICP备09064830号-19
京公网安备11010802024621 - 本系统建议在Chrome、 IE9+ 以上版本浏览器阅读本站内容，360浏览器请切换至极速模式
- Cookies帮助我们提供服务并提供个性化体验。使用本网站，即表示您同意我们使用Cookies