靶向DNA的Ⅱ类CRISPR/Cas系统的蛋白工程化改造

梁丽亚; 刘嵘明

doi:10.12211/2096-8280.2022-040

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靶向DNA的Ⅱ类CRISPR/Cas系统的蛋白工程化改造

特约评述 | 更新时间：2025-03-20

- 靶向DNA的Ⅱ类CRISPR/Cas系统的蛋白工程化改造
- Protein engineering of DNA targeting type Ⅱ CRISPR/Cas systems
- 合成生物学 2023年4卷第1期页码：86-101
- 作者机构：
  
  大连理工大学生物工程学院，辽宁大连 116024
- 作者简介：
  
  [ "梁丽亚（1987—），女，博士，副教授。研究方向为：基因编辑、合成生物学、代谢工程。E-mail：liya_liang@dlut.edu.cn" ]
  [ "刘嵘明（1985—），男，博士，教授。研究方向为：（1）高精度CRISPR基因编辑核酸酶的开发与应用；（2）高通量CRISPR基因组编辑工程策略开发与应用；（3）细胞工厂的功能预测与智能化设计；（4）构建细胞工厂合成生物基化学品、生物燃料以及高附加值产品。E-mail：rongming_liu@dlut.edu.cn" ]
- 基金信息：
  
  国家自然科学基金(22278058;22208044);大连理工大学基本科研业务费（DUT22RC（3）012,DUT22RC（3）013）
- DOI：10.12211/2096-8280.2022-040
  中图分类号： Q812
- 收稿：2022-07-18，
  
  修回：2022-09-28，
  
  纸质出版：2023-02-28
- 稿件说明：
移动端阅览
梁丽亚，刘嵘明. 靶向DNA的Ⅱ类CRISPR/Cas系统的蛋白工程化改造［J］. 合成生物学， 2023， 4（1）： 86-101

LIANG Liya， LIU Rongming. Protein engineering of DNA targeting type Ⅱ CRISPR/Cas systems［J］. Synthetic Biology Journal， 2023， 4（1）： 86-101
梁丽亚，刘嵘明. 靶向DNA的Ⅱ类CRISPR/Cas系统的蛋白工程化改造［J］. 合成生物学， 2023， 4（1）： 86-101 DOI： 10.12211/2096-8280.2022-040.

LIANG Liya， LIU Rongming. Protein engineering of DNA targeting type Ⅱ CRISPR/Cas systems［J］. Synthetic Biology Journal， 2023， 4（1）： 86-101 DOI： 10.12211/2096-8280.2022-040.

摘要

Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats （CRISPR）/CRISPR-associated （Cas） protein是细菌或古细菌特有的一种获得性免疫系统，自从研究人员将其改造为基因编辑工具之后，CRISPR/Cas系统高效的基因编辑能力对生命科学、生物工程、生物医药、食品及农业科学等多个领域引发了革命性的影响。然而，研究者们发现CRISPR/Cas系统存在脱靶效应、PAM位点识别范围有限等问题，限制了CRISPR/Cas的应用。为了解决这些问题，针对Cas蛋白进行工程化改造已经成为了优化及开发CRISPR/Cas系统的重要策略。本文以Ⅱ类CRISPR/Cas系统中靶向DNA的CRISPR/Cas9以及CRISPR/Cas12a为例，聚焦近年来针对Cas9和Cas12a蛋白的优化改造方法及相关进展进行系统阐述总结，包括Cas蛋白的工程化改造提升基因编辑特异性及改变PAM识别能力，以CRISPR/Cas系统作为基因定位工具开发新功能，结合外源蛋白调控CRISPR/Cas系统功能。这些工作开发了系列高特异性、高精度的CRISPR/Cas系统，极大地扩展了CRISPR/Cas系统的功能及适用范围，为CRISPR/Cas系统的多领域应用做出了重要贡献。

Abstract

With different types of nucleases

genome editing technologies have opened up the possibility for targeting and modifying specific gene sequences

which show potential applications in basic and applied aspects of biotechnology research. Zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs) and transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) are artificial proteins generated by fusing a specific DNA-binding domain with a restriction enzyme FokI DNA-cleavage domain

which arise from their ability to customize the DNA-binding domain for recognition of targeting sequences and cleaving them by the FokI domain. However

the design and construction of such a system are time consuming

laborious and costly. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR associated (Cas) protein is a unique acquired immune system of bacteria or archaea. Since researchers constructed the CRISPR/Cas system for gene editing

its high efficiency has revolutionized a variety of fields such as life sciences

bioengineering

biomedicine

food

and agricultural sciences. However

the CRISPR/Cas system still has some challenges

such as off-target effect and limited PAM site recognition range

which limit its further applications. In order to solve these problems

molecular engineering of Cas proteins has become an important strategy for developing and optimizing CRISPR/Cas systems. In this study

with CRISPR/Cas9 and CRISPR/Cas12a selected as representative examples for DNA-targeting Class II CRISPR/Cas systems

we focus on the optimization and modification methods

and progress of Cas9 and Cas12a proteins achieved within recent years

such as Cas protein engineering for improved on-target specificity and expanded PAM scopes

developing new functions using CRISPR/Cas systems as gene targeting tools

and introducing exogenous protein domains to regulate CRISPR/Cas functions. These studies have generated a series of high-specificity and high-precision CRISPR/Cas systems

which have greatly expanded their functions and scopes

and made important contributions to the wide-range applications of CRISPR/Cas systems.

关键词

Keywords

references

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