DNA纳米技术与合成生物学

施茜; 吴园园; 杨洋

doi:10.12211/2096-8280.2021-063

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DNA纳米技术与合成生物学

特约评述 | 更新时间：2025-03-20

- DNA纳米技术与合成生物学
- DNA nanotechnology and synthetic biology
- 合成生物学 2022年3卷第2期页码：302-319
- 作者机构：
  
  上海交通大学医学院附属仁济医院，分子医学研究院，上海 200127
- 作者简介：
  
  [ "施茜（1988—），女，博士后。研究方向为基于核酸纳米结构的药物递送。 E-mail：sshiqian@hotmail.com" ]
  [ "杨洋（1983—），男，研究员，博士生导师。研究方向为核酸纳米自组装与磷脂膜工程，核酸信息存储与计算。 E-mail：yang.yang.nano@sjtu.edu.cn" ]
- 基金信息：
  
  国家重点研发计划(2018YFA0902600);国家自然科学基金(NSF21977069)
- DOI：10.12211/2096-8280.2021-063
  中图分类号： Q 81
- 收稿：2021-06-04，
  
  修回：2021-10-24，
  
  纸质出版：2022-04-30
- 稿件说明：
移动端阅览
施茜，吴园园，杨洋. DNA纳米技术与合成生物学［J］. 合成生物学， 2022， 3（2）： 302-319

SHI Qian， WU Yuanyuan， YANG yang. DNA nanotechnology and synthetic biology［J］. Synthetic Biology Journal， 2022， 3（2）： 302-319
施茜，吴园园，杨洋. DNA纳米技术与合成生物学［J］. 合成生物学， 2022， 3（2）： 302-319 DOI： 10.12211/2096-8280.2021-063.

SHI Qian， WU Yuanyuan， YANG yang. DNA nanotechnology and synthetic biology［J］. Synthetic Biology Journal， 2022， 3（2）： 302-319 DOI： 10.12211/2096-8280.2021-063.

摘要

合成生物学突破了经典生物学“格物致知”的研究范式，开启了“建物致知”“建物致用”的研究时代。合成生物学是以系统生物学为基础，结合工程学设计，运用现代生物学技术方法，通过构建新的生物体系以揭示生命规律和开发颠覆性技术的交叉学科。以DNA为主要建筑材料进行纳米尺度结构自组装的DNA纳米技术，具有高度可设计性、精确可寻址性、生物亲和性、模块化组装等独特优势，已经成为合成生物学重要的支持技术。本文介绍了利用DNA纳米结构实现核酸、蛋白质、磷脂等生物大分子的有序装配；构建仿生细胞元件（例如核孔、人工膜通道、网格蛋白），生物过程（例如膜融合、脂质转移、成管过程）和生化体系（例如RNA挤出纳米工厂、体外病毒衣壳蛋白合成和凝血系统）；及其在药物递送、肿瘤治疗等领域的应用。此外，未来的研究有望通过DNA纳米结构来更好地合成、模拟和调节天然生物体系。例如，如何一定程度恢复和利用DNA纳米结构携载遗传信息的能力；如何提高结构设计复杂性的同时，兼顾人工体系的简单性和生产的高效性；如何扩大生产规模，降低成本；如何在细胞中生产结构并组装。同时，临床应用层面仍有许多亟待解决的问题，比如增加药物的搭载效率，增强结构的靶向性，维持机体中结构稳定性，以及通过修饰进行免疫治疗。DNA纳米技术在合成生物学具有广泛的应用前景，将有助于认识生命本质、模拟生命过程、建立人工体系、开发改变未来的技术。

Abstract

Conventional biology investigates and examines life for knowledge and explanations. Synthetic biology

however

breaks through this paradigm and opens a new research era that relies on the reconstruction or creation of biological/bionic elements towards new properties and applications. As a multidisciplinary field

synthetic biology benefits from system biology

molecular biology

structural biology

bio-design and engineering and cutting-edge biological techniques. It reveals the law of life

and makes breakthroughs. DNA nanotechnology

using DNA as building materials to make self-assembled nanostructure

has become a significant support technique for synthetic biology. Besides the remarkable biological affinity of nucleic acids

DNA nanotechnology shows unique advantages of the precise designability

addressability

controllability and modular assembly. In this article

we reviewed the current progresses in how to use DNA nanostructure to direct the arrangement and assembly of other biomolecules (e.g. nucleic acids

proteins and lipids) and to construct or mimic novel cell elements (

e.g.

DNA nuclear pore

DNA membrane-spanning channel and DNA clathrin-mimic networks)

biological reactions (

e.g.

membrane fusion

lipid transfer and vesicle tubulation)

and biochemical systems (

e.g.

RNA-extruding nanofactories

in situ

assembly of viral protein and coagulation system). We also introduced the attempts of employing DNA nano-robots for drug delivery and tumor therapy. However

further studies are expected to better synthesize

simulate and regulate biological systems by using DNA nanostructures. For example

how to recover the property of DNA to carry genetic/artificial information; how to balance the complexity and simplicity towards high efficient performance; how to expand the production scale and reduce

the cost; how to produce functional structures in cells. Meanwhile

medical applications ask for more improvements

such as increasing drug loading efficiency

enhancing targeting specificity

maintaining structure stability

vivo

lowering the immunogenicity and modifying adjuvant for immune therapy. In summary

DNA nanotechnology presents a broad application prospect in synthetic biology

which will help understanding the essence of life

simulating the process of life

establishing artificial systems and developing future technologies.

关键词

Keywords

references

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