美德伦理视角下的合成生物学技术伦理治理

郭思敏; 叶斌; 徐飞

doi:10.12211/2096-8280.2021-036

您当前的位置：

首页 >

文章列表页 >

美德伦理视角下的合成生物学技术伦理治理

特约评述 | 更新时间：2025-03-20

- 美德伦理视角下的合成生物学技术伦理治理
- Ethical governance for synthetic biology technology from the perspective of virtue ethics
- 合成生物学 2022年3卷第1期页码：224-237
- 作者机构：
  
  中国科学技术大学人文与社会科学学院科技哲学系，安徽合肥 230026
- 作者简介：
  
  [ "郭思敏（1993—），女，博士研究生。研究方向为科技哲学。E-mail：guosimin@mail.ustc.edu.cn" ]
  [ "叶斌（1988—），男，博士，副研究员。主要研究方向为科技伦理、近代哲学。E-mail：binye@ustc.edu.cn" ]
  [ "徐飞（1961—），男，教授，博士生导师。研究方向为科技哲学与科学史、科学技术与社会。E-mail：Xufei@ustc.edu.cn" ]
- 基金信息：
  
  中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助项目(YD2110002004)
- DOI：10.12211/2096-8280.2021-036
  中图分类号： Q 816
- 收稿：2021-03-25，
  
  修回：2021-06-28，
  
  纸质出版：2022-02-28
- 稿件说明：
移动端阅览
郭思敏，叶斌，徐飞. 美德伦理视角下的合成生物学技术伦理治理［J］. 合成生物学， 2022， 3（1）： 224-237

GUO Simin， YE Bin， XU Fei. Ethical governance for synthetic biology technology from the perspective of virtue ethics［J］. Synthetic Biology Journal， 2022， 3（1）： 224-237
郭思敏，叶斌，徐飞. 美德伦理视角下的合成生物学技术伦理治理［J］. 合成生物学， 2022， 3（1）： 224-237 DOI： 10.12211/2096-8280.2021-036.

GUO Simin， YE Bin， XU Fei. Ethical governance for synthetic biology technology from the perspective of virtue ethics［J］. Synthetic Biology Journal， 2022， 3（1）： 224-237 DOI： 10.12211/2096-8280.2021-036.

摘要

当前针对合成生物学技术的伦理治理已取得初步进展，基于后果主义和义务论的合成生物学伦理研究分别从事先规则制定和事后价值评估的角度为合成生物学技术的伦理治理提供了参考，但由于该技术的不确定性特质，已有的伦理治理方案依然在不同程度上面临科林格里奇困境。本研究认为，还应当寻求一条连接前者和后者，能够贯穿整个合成生物学研究过程的伦理治理路径。合成生物学科研人员作为唯一贯穿技术立项、研究及应用全过程的科研主体，对技术发展中的风险决策以及产品构建等都具有主导性影响。本文认为厘清以合成生物学科研人员为对象的伦理规范，将对当前的合成生物学技术治理研究构成有益补充，有效促进该技术的正向发展。为此，文章首先论证合成生物学科研人员伦理道德水平对技术发展与应用的巨大影响；其次讨论已有合成生物学科研人员伦理理论与规范，分析其在实践及理论上的困境；最后，引入美德伦理学视角，从理论角度探讨美德伦理学对合成生物学科研人员伦理规范的指导意义，并在此基础上尝试提出基于美德伦理和生物安全协同共治的合成生物学技术伦理综合治理建议。

Abstract

The current research on the ethical governance for synthetic biology technology has achieved preliminary progress. The ethical research for synthetic biology based on consequentialism and deontology provides a reference for the ethical governance of synthetic biology technology from the perspectives of pre-rule-making and post-value evaluation. However

synthetic biology technology is an emerging technology

and many questions about its nature

future use

and social consequences remain to be addressed. Due to its uncertain nature

many ethical issues related to synthetic biology technology cannot be reliably identified or analyzed

and it is still impossible to fully predict what ethical issues will arise once the technology is fully developed and entrenched in society. For the above reasons

existing ethical governance programs still face the Colingridge

s dilemma to varying degrees. Studies indicate that we should see

k an ethical governance path connecting the former and the latter and running through the entire synthetic biology research process. Synthetic biology researchers

as the scientific research subject who runs through the entire process from establishment of the technology project to research and application

have a leading influence on process for risk decision-making and product construction. This work suggests that clarifying the ethical norms for synthetic biology researchers would constitute a useful supplement to the current research on synthetic biology technology governance and effectively promote the technology development. To this end

we first demonstrate the influence of synthetic biology researchers

ethical level on the development and application of the technology; second

explore the ethical theories and norms for synthetic biology researchers

and analyze their practical and theoretical dilemmas; finally

we highlight the perspective of virtue ethics

discusse the guiding significance of virtue ethics to the ethics of synthetic biology researchers from a theoretical perspective

and on this basis propose suggestions on the comprehensive management of synthetic biology technology ethics.

关键词

Keywords

references

ZHOU B , THAO T T N , HOFFMANN D , et al . SARS-CoV-2 spike D614G change enhances replication and transmission [J ] . Nature , 2021 , 592 ( 7852 ): 122 - 127 .

THI NHU THAO T , LABROUSSAA F , EBERT N , et al . Rapid reconstruction of SARS-CoV-2 using a synthetic genomics platform [J ] . Nature , 2020 , 582 ( 7813 ): 561 - 565 .

DE VRIEND H . Constructing life-early social reflections on the emerging field of synthetic biology [M ] . Hague : RathenauInstitute , 2006 .

翟晓梅 , 邱仁宗 . 合成生物学: 伦理和管治问题 [J ] . 科学与社会 , 2014 , 4 ( 4 ): 43 - 52 .

ZHAI X M , QIU R Z . Ethical and governance issues in synthetic biology [J ] . Science and Society , 2014 , 4 ( 4 ): 43 - 52 .

DOUGLAS T , POWELL R , SAVULESCU J . Is the creation of artificial life morally significant? [J ] . Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences , 2013 , 44 ( 4 Pt B ): 688 - 696 .

SCHMIDT M . Diffusion of synthetic biology: a challenge to biosafety [J ] . Systems and Synthetic Biology , 2008 , 2 ( 1/2 ): 1 - 6 .

ANDRIANANTOANDRO E , BASU S , KARIG D K , et al . Synthetic biology: new engineering rules for an emerging discipline [J ] . Molecular Systems Biology , 2006 , 2 ( 1 ): 1 - 14 .

程晨 , 徐飞 . 合成生物学: 工程伦理的实践悖论——从合成生物学对生命、自然及进化的挑战谈起 [J ] . 自然辩证法研究 , 2012 , 28 ( 8 ): 38 - 42 .

CHENG C , XU F . Synthetic biology: The practice paradox of engineering ethics—starting from challenges which synthetic biology brings to life, nature and evolution [J ] . Studies in Dialectics of Nature , 2012 , 28 ( 8 ): 38 - 42 .

马诗雯 , 王国豫 . 如何应对合成生物学的不确定性——《合成生物学的监管: 生物砖, 生物朋克与生物企业》评介 [J ] . 科学与社会 , 2019 , 9 ( 3 ): 124 - 136 .

MA S W , WANG G Y . How to compromise the uncertainty of synthetic Biology? A review of regulation of synthetic biology: bioBricks, biopunks and bioentrepreneurs [J ] . Science and Society , 2019 , 9 ( 3 ): 124 - 136 .

闫欣 , 刘中国 , 陈月芹 , 等 . 医学伦理委员会建设发展中的现存问题及其分析 [J ] . 中国药物与临床 , 2016 , 16 ( 3 ): 363 - 365 .

YAN X , LIU Z G , CHEN Y Q , et al . Existing problems and analysis in the construction and development of medical ethics committees [J ] . Chinese Remedies & Clinics , 2016 , 16 ( 3 ): 363 - 365 .

MUSICK D W . Teaching medical ethics: A review of the literature from North American medical schools with emphasis on education [J ] . Medicine, Health Care, and Philosophy , 1999 , 2 ( 3 ): 239 - 254 .

Deutsche Forschungsmeinschaft . Synthetic biology-opportunities and risk [R ] . DFG,acatech and Leopoldina present joint statement , 2009 .

张婉 , 徐飞 . 合成生物学伦理问题研究态势分析 [J ] . 医学与哲学 , 2020 , 41 ( 9 ): 41 - 47 .

ZHANG W , XU F . Analysis of the research progress on the ethical issues of synthetic biology [J ] . Medicine & Philosophy , 2020 , 41 ( 9 ): 41 - 47 .

What was the reaction to Prof He doing this [EB/OL ] .[ 2020-12-01 ] ( 2021-01-30 ). https://www.bbc.com/news/health-48496652 https://www.bbc.com/news/health-48496652 .

[美 ] Steneck N H . 科研伦理入门:ORI介绍负责任研究行为 [M ] . 曹南燕,吴寿乾,姚莉萍,译. 清华大学出版社 , 2005 .

STENECK N H . ORI Introduction to the responsible conduct of research [M ] . CAO N Y,WU S Q,YAO L P,trans. Beijing : Tsinghua University Press , 2005 .

COYNE L . The ethics and ontology of synthetic biology: a neo-Aristotelian perspective [J ] . NanoEthics , 2020 , 14 ( 1 ): 43 - 55 .

BOERS S N , VAN DELDEN J J , CLEVERS H , et al . Organoid biobanking: identifying the ethics: organoids revive old and raise new ethical challenges for basic research and therapeutic use [J ] . EMBO Reports , 2016 , 17 ( 7 ): 938 - 941 .

BREDENOORD A L , CLEVERS H , KNOBLICH J A . Human tissues in a dish: The research and ethical implications of organoid technology [J ] . Science , 2017 , 355 ( 6322 ): eaaf9414 .

What is HIT-CF Europe [EB/OL ] .[ 2018-11-28 ] ( 2021-01-30 ). https://www.hitcf.org/ https://www.hitcf.org/ .

Mill J S . Ethics: History, theory and contemporary issues [M ] . Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1863 : 317 - 351 .

LATHAM D . Backyard biology: investigate habitats outside your door with 25 projects [M ] . Vermont : Nomad Press , 2013 .

WITZE A . People: The science life: Contest brings out the biohackers [J ] . Science News , 2013 , 183 ( 1 ): 32 .

DOUGLAS T , SAVULESCU J . Synthetic biology and the ethics of knowledge [J ] . Journal of Medical Ethics , 2010 , 36 ( 11 ): 687 - 693 .

EASTERBROOK F H , FISCHEL D R . The corporate contract, the economic structure of corporate law [M ] . Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press , 1991 : 1 – 39 .

ORLIKOWSKI W J . Using technology and constituting structures: a practice lens for studying technology in organizations [M ] // resources, co-evolution and artifacts . Springer , 2008 : 255 - 305 .

KUDINA O , VERBEEK P P . Ethics from within: Google glass, the collingridge dilemma, and the mediated value of privacy [J ] . Science , Technology, & Human Values, 2019 , 44 ( 2 ): 291 - 314 .

HURSTHOUSE R . On virtue ethics [M ] . Oxford : Oxford University Press , 2002 .

WHETSTONE J T . The language of managerial excellence: Virtues as understood and applied [J ] . Journal of Business Ethics , 2003 , 44 ( 4 ): 343 - 357 .

BANKS J S . Virtue ethics in the conduct and governance of social science research [M ] . Bingley : Emerald Publishing Limited , 2018 .

MACINTYRE A . After virtue: A study in moral theory [M ] . 3rd Revised edition . University of Notre Dame Press , 2007 .

THOMPSON D F . Responsibility for failures of government [J ] . The American Review of Public Administration , 2014 , 44 ( 3 ): 259 - 273 .

CRISP R , SLOTE M . Virtue Ethics [M ] . Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1997 : 243 .

ROBERTSON M . The case for ethics review in the social sciences: Drawing from practice at Queen Mary University of London [J ] . Research Ethics , 2014 , 10 ( 2 ): 69 - 76 .

DREES W B . " playing God? yes!" religion in the light of technology [J ] . Zygon® , 2002 , 37 ( 3 ): 643 - 654 .

BARTH K . Church dogmatics [M ] . Edinburgh : T. & T. Clark Publishers, Ltd. , 1969 .

LEFFEL G M , OAKES MUELLER R A , CURLIN F A , et al . Relevance of the rationalist-intuitionist debate for ethics and professionalism in medical education [J ] . Advances in Health Sciences Education , 2015 , 20 ( 5 ): 1371 - 1383 .

BREY P A E . Anticipatory ethics for emerging technologies [J ] . NanoEthics , 2012 , 6 ( 1 ): 1 - 13 .

ATHANASSOULIS N . A response to harman: virtue ethics and character traits [J ] . Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society (Hardback) , 2000 , 100 ( 1 ): 215 - 221 .

中华人民共和国生物安全法 [M ] . 北京 : 中国法制出版社 , 2020 .

China Legal Publishing House . Biosafety Law of the People ' s Republic of China [M ] . Beijing : China Legal Publishing House , 2020 .

默顿 R K . 科学社会学 [M ] .鲁旭东,林聚任,译. 北京 : 商务印书馆 , 2003 ( 11 ): 363 .

MERTON R K . The sociology of science:theoretical and empirical investigation [M ] . LU X D,LIN J R,trans. Beijing : The Commerical Press , 2003 ( 11 ): 363 .

HENDRY D G , FRIEDMAN B , BALLARD S . Value sensitive design as a formative framework [J ] . Ethics and Information Technology , 2021 , 23 ( 1 ): 39 - 44 .

杨伯峻 , 译 . 孟子译注 [M ] . 北京 : 中华书局 , 1960 : 1 - 25 .

Yang B J , translated . Annotated Mencius [M ] . Beijing : Zhonghua Book Company , 1960 : 1 - 25 .

Gene drives spread their wings . CRISPR brings a powerful genetic tool closer to reality . Are we ready?[EB/OL ] . [ 2015-12-2 ] ( 2021-4-21 ). https://www.sciencenews.org/article/gene-drives-spread-their-wings https://www.sciencenews.org/article/gene-drives-spread-their-wings .

GROSZ B J , GRANT D G , VREDENBURGH K , et al . Embedded EthiCS [J ] . Communications of the ACM , 2019 , 62 ( 8 ): 54 - 61 .

BANDURA A . Social learning of moral judgments [J ] . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 1969 , 11 ( 3 ): 275 - 279 .

SCHNALL S , ROPER J , FESSLER D M T . Elevation leads to altruistic behavior [J ] . Psychological Science , 2010 , 21 ( 3 ): 315 - 320 .

PENNOCK R T . Fostering a culture of scientific integrity: Legalistic vs. scientific virtue-based approaches [R ] . Professional Ethics Report : Newsletter of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Committee on Scientific Freedom & Responsibility, Professional Society Ethics Group , 2015 , 28(2): 450-454.

FERRARI M , BANG H , ARDELT M , et al . Educating for virtue: How wisdom coordinates informal, non-formal and formal education in motivation to virtue in Canada and South Korea [J ] . Journal of Moral Education , 2019 , 48 ( 1 ): 47 - 64 .

HAN H M . Virtue Ethics, Positive Psychology, and a new model of science and engineering ethics education [J ] . Science & Engineering Ethics , 2015 , 21 ( 2 ): 441 - 460 .

浏览量

下载量

CSCD

文章被引用时，请邮件提醒。

提交

工具集

关联资源

合成生物学赋能细胞膜纳米颗粒的精准诊疗

合成生物学策略下的人工血液研究进展

合成生物学在医学诊疗中的应用与伦理治理：技术突破与价值边界

医用聚羟基脂肪酸酯（PHA）的生物合成策略及其在人类健康领域的新进展