合成生物技术驱动天然的真核油脂细胞工厂开发

汪庆卓; 宋萍; 黄和

doi:10.12211/2096-8280.2020-090

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合成生物技术驱动天然的真核油脂细胞工厂开发

特约评述 | 更新时间：2025-03-20

- 合成生物技术驱动天然的真核油脂细胞工厂开发
- Synthetic biotechnology drives the development of natural eukaryotic lipid cell factories
- 合成生物学 2021年2卷第6期页码：920-941
- 作者机构：
  
  南京师范大学食品与制药工程学院，江苏南京 210046
- 作者简介：
  
  [ "汪庆卓（1991—），男，博士，博士后。研究方向为微生物代谢工程与合成生物学。E-mail：qzwang@njnu.edu.cn" ]
  [ "黄和（1974—），男，博士，教授。研究方向为微生物资源挖掘和代谢工程，结合发酵工程等手段进行下游产品（生物基化学品、营养化学品、医药中间体等）的开发。E-mail：huangh@njnu.edu.cn" ]
- 基金信息：
  
  国家重点研发计划资助(2019YFA0904900)
- DOI：10.12211/2096-8280.2020-090
  中图分类号： Q812
- 收稿：2020-12-21，
  
  修回：2021-03-17，
  
  纸质出版：2021-12-31
- 稿件说明：
移动端阅览
汪庆卓，宋萍，黄和. 合成生物技术驱动天然的真核油脂细胞工厂开发［J］. 合成生物学， 2021， 2（6）： 920-941

WANG Qingzhuo， SONG Ping， HUANG He. Synthetic biotechnology drives the development of natural eukaryotic lipid cell factories［J］. Synthetic Biology Journal， 2021， 2（6）： 920-941
汪庆卓，宋萍，黄和. 合成生物技术驱动天然的真核油脂细胞工厂开发［J］. 合成生物学， 2021， 2（6）： 920-941 DOI： 10.12211/2096-8280.2020-090.

WANG Qingzhuo， SONG Ping， HUANG He. Synthetic biotechnology drives the development of natural eukaryotic lipid cell factories［J］. Synthetic Biology Journal， 2021， 2（6）： 920-941 DOI： 10.12211/2096-8280.2020-090.

摘要

油脂是重要的工业原料，也是人类生存的三大营养素之一。为避免因国际环境变化导致外部资源进口遭到封锁，我国亟需建设、补充和完善油脂供给的新方式。以丰富、廉价的生物质原料替代化石原料生产食用油脂和功能性油脂，在保障国家能源安全、粮食安全方面意义重大。细菌、酵母、霉菌、微藻等多种微生物具有利用葡萄糖、木质纤维素、淀粉、甘油甚至一碳化合物等原料合成脂肪酸的能力。由于微生物，特别是产油真菌相比产油植物和动物具有生产周期短、易于大规模生产、占地少、受天气影响小、原料来源丰富等优势，近年来备受学术界和产业界重视。然而，如何获取生产效率高且鲁棒性强的微生物油脂细胞工厂，仍然面临着使能工具有限、油脂产量不高、油脂组分难以控制等诸多挑战。近年来，合成生物学技术的发展为本领域的研究提供了新的资源、工具和思路。使得产油微生物研究在遗传操作工具创制、代谢途径改造以及高附加值产品开发等方面不断获得突破。本文聚焦于真核油脂细胞工厂的开发，从天然产油底盘菌株的基因元件、遗传转化方法、基因编辑工具的开发，油脂细胞工厂代谢途径的重构/调试以及向高附加值脂质化学品方向的升级等方面，系统总结了合成生物技术驱动油脂细胞工厂开发的研究进展，可为后续研究提供借鉴。

Abstract

Lipids are important industrial raw materials and one of the three major nutrients for human survival. In order to avoid the blockade of external resource imports due to unpredictable international market

we urgently need to build new methods for lipids supply. Biomass is the only kind of physical resource based on carbon among many renewable resources. Therefore

The production of edible and functional lipids with abundant and cheap biomass materials instead of fossil materials is of great significance in ensuring national energy security and food security. Bacteria

yeast

mold

microalgae and some other microorganisms have the potential in using glucose

lignocellulose

starch

glycerol or even one carbon compounds to synthesize fatty acids. Due to the advantages of short production cycle

easy large-scale production

less land occupation

less impact of climate change and abundant raw material sources comparing with lipips from plants and animals

microbial lipid production has attracted much attention from academia and industry in recent years. However

there are still many challenges on how to obtain efficient and robust microbial lipid cell factories

such as limited enabling tools

low lipid production and difficult control of lipid components. The development of synthetic biology then provides new resources

tools and ideas for research in this field in recent years. Thus the research of lipid producing microorganisms has made continuous breakthroughs in the creation of genetic manipulation tools

the engineering of lipip biosynthesis pathways and the development of high value-added products. This review focuses on the genetic elements of natural lipid-producing chassis strains

genetic transformation methods

genome editing tools development

the reconstruction/debugging of the metabolic pathways of lipid cell factories

and the upgrade to high value-added lipid chemicals. By systematically summarized the research progress of synthetic biotechnology in driving the development of lipid cell factories

we very much hope to provide reference for future research in this area.

关键词

Keywords

references

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