基因组编辑技术及其在合成生物学中的应用

曹中正; 张心怡; 徐艺源; 周卓; 魏文胜

doi:10.12211/2096-8280.2020-047

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基因组编辑技术及其在合成生物学中的应用

特约评述 | 更新时间：2025-03-20

- 基因组编辑技术及其在合成生物学中的应用
- Genome editing technology and its applications in synthetic biology
- 合成生物学 2020年1卷第4期页码：413-426
- 作者机构：
  
  1.北大-清华生命科学联合中心，北京 100871
  2.北京大学前沿交叉学科研究院，北京 100871
  3.北京大学生命科学学院，北京 100871
  4.北京大学生物医学前沿创新中心，北京 100871
  5.北京未来基因诊断高精尖创新中心，北京 100871
  6.北京大学基因组编辑研究中心，北京 100871
- 作者简介：
  
  [ "曹中正（1992—），男，博士研究生，专业方向为生物化学与分子生物学。E-mail：czz949290@aliyun.com" ]
  [ "魏文胜（1969—），男，博士，教授，研究方向为基因组编辑与功能性基因组学。E-mail：wswei@pku.edu.cn" ]
- 基金信息：
  
  国家自然科学基金重点项目(31930016)
- DOI：10.12211/2096-8280.2020-047
  中图分类号： Q78
- 收稿：2020-04-13，
  
  修回：2020-09-24，
  
  纸质出版：2020-08-31
- 稿件说明：
移动端阅览
曹中正, 张心怡, 徐艺源, 周卓, 魏文胜. 基因组编辑技术及其在合成生物学中的应用[J]. 合成生物学, 2020, 1(4): 413-426

CAO Zhongzheng, ZHANG Xinyi, XU Yiyuan, ZHOU Zhuo, WEI Wensheng. Genome editing technology and its applications in synthetic biology[J]. Synthetic Biology Journal, 2020, 1(4): 413-426
曹中正, 张心怡, 徐艺源, 周卓, 魏文胜. 基因组编辑技术及其在合成生物学中的应用[J]. 合成生物学, 2020, 1(4): 413-426 DOI： 10.12211/2096-8280.2020-047.

CAO Zhongzheng, ZHANG Xinyi, XU Yiyuan, ZHOU Zhuo, WEI Wensheng. Genome editing technology and its applications in synthetic biology[J]. Synthetic Biology Journal, 2020, 1(4): 413-426 DOI： 10.12211/2096-8280.2020-047.

摘要

基因组编辑技术是一种能够定向修改基因组的强有力工具。近年来，CRISPR/Cas9系统因其易于构建、编辑效率高等优点逐渐成为应用最为广泛的基因组编辑工具。合成生物学作为一门整合了工程学思维以及生物学原理的新生交叉学科，在生物学、医学、化学、农业、能源和环境等领域发挥着重要的作用。合成生物学对于DNA等遗传物质的合成、组装和编辑等操作有着巨大的需求，因此基因组编辑技术在合成生物学中有着广泛的应用。本文综述了以ZFN和TALEN为代表的早期基因组编辑技术，以及新型CRISPR/Cas9基因组编辑技术的原理、发展、作用机制、系统优化、衍生技术以及应用。同时也介绍了基因组编辑技术在基因表达调控、微生物基因编辑和分子记录等合成生物学领域的应用，并展望了基因组编辑技术的前景以及在合成生物学领域的发展趋势。

Abstract

A vast amount of genetic information has been garnered with the rapid development of sequencing technology over the past decades. To decipher this information

genome editing tools that could functionally perturb specific genomic sequences have been developed. By recognizing DNA sequence

ZFN and TALEN emerged early as primitive genome editing approaches. Recently

the CRISPR/Cas9 system has become the most widely used genome editing tool due to its convenience of assembly and high efficiency. As a novel interdisciplinary field

synthetic biology has been developed through integrating engineering principles and biological fundamentals with the help from biotechnology tools. With the aim of improving our ability to decode and reprogram biological systems

synthetic biology has a tremendous demand for DNA synthesis

assembly and editing. With genome editing tools

synthetic biology promises innovations in the fields of biology

medicine

chemistry

agriculture

energy

environment

etc

. In this review

we briefly describe the early genome editing tools: ZFN and TALEN. Furthermore

we comprehensively introduce the discovery

principle

development

optimization

derivative tools and applications of CRISPR/Cas9 system. Especially

we review the applications of these genome editing tools in synthetic biology from three aspects. The first

is the application of genome editing tools in transcriptional regulation

such as precise gene expression regulation in dynamic biological process; the second is the application in engineering microbial strains

such as boosting the yield of antibiotic drugs and discovering potential resource for active natural products by manipulating specific gene or synthetic pathway; the last is their application in molecular recording

such as various approaches to record occurrence of detected signal or dynamic transcriptional information and to complete lineage tracing in live cells. Finally

we discuss current challenages and potential improvements of genome editing tools and envisage the future development of genome editing technology in synthetic biology.

关键词

Keywords

references

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