Synthetic biology-driven advances in artificial blood research

HUANG Ruping; SUN Wenzhao; JIN Juan; LV Xueli; SHENG Jingyi; HUANG Bin; GU Ning

doi:10.12211/2096-8280.2025-094

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Synthetic biology-driven advances in artificial blood research

Invited Review | 更新时间：2026-03-07

- Synthetic biology-driven advances in artificial blood research
- Synthetic Biology Journal Vol. 7, Issue 1, Pages: 217-232(2026)
- 作者机构：
  
  1.南京医科大学生物医学工程与信息学院，江苏省生物医学电磁精准诊疗重点实验室，江苏南京 210029
  2.南京大学医学院附属鼓楼医院临床医学研究院，江苏省血管信息与健康工程医学重点实验室，江苏南京 210008
  3.东南大学生物科学与医学工程学院，江苏省生物材料与器件重点实验室，江苏南京 210096
  4.南京大学医学院工程医学研究组，南京生物与医学电子显微技术研究中心，江苏南京 210093
- 作者简介：
- 基金信息：
- DOI：10.12211/2096-8280.2025-094
  CLC： R977.8;Q81
- Received：11 October 2025，
  
  Revised：2025-11-12，
  
  Published：28 February 2026
- 稿件说明：
移动端阅览
黄如平，孙文钊，金娟，吕雪丽，盛静逸，黄斌，顾宁. 合成生物学策略下的人工血液研究进展［J］. 合成生物学， 2026， 7（1）： 217-232

HUANG Ruping， SUN Wenzhao， JIN Juan， LV Xueli， SHENG Jingyi， HUANG Bin， GU Ning. Synthetic biology-driven advances in artificial blood research［J］. Synthetic Biology Journal， 2026， 7（1）： 217-232
黄如平，孙文钊，金娟，吕雪丽，盛静逸，黄斌，顾宁. 合成生物学策略下的人工血液研究进展［J］. 合成生物学， 2026， 7（1）： 217-232 DOI： 10.12211/2096-8280.2025-094.

HUANG Ruping， SUN Wenzhao， JIN Juan， LV Xueli， SHENG Jingyi， HUANG Bin， GU Ning. Synthetic biology-driven advances in artificial blood research［J］. Synthetic Biology Journal， 2026， 7（1）： 217-232 DOI： 10.12211/2096-8280.2025-094.

摘要

人工血液是一类具有载氧能力、可替代血液部分功能的液体制剂，其研发旨在缓解对献血供给的依赖，以应对血液供应不足及输血风险隐患。近年来，随着合成生物技术的突破，人工血液主要成分如红细胞、血小板和血浆等在功能重构与系统集成方面取得了显著进展。本文基于合成生物学视角，系统阐述人工血液主要成分的构建策略与研究进展。在人工红细胞方面，通过血红蛋白结构优化、血红素合成通路重构及仿生膜封装，显著提升携氧效率和体内稳定性；在人工血小板方面，通过干细胞编程与基因编程，血小板生成效率显著提高；在人工血浆方面，通过核心功能蛋白表达优化与多功能融合蛋白设计，为实现稳定的血容量维持以及免疫支持提供可能性。最后，本文探讨了当前人工血液研究面临的挑战与未来发展方向。目前，人工血液的研究仍主要聚焦于单一功能模块的构建，且在生物相容性、长期稳定性、规模化制备及质量标准体系建设等方面存在诸多瓶颈。未来，可借助合成生物学的模块化设计理念与人工智能辅助，整合红细胞、血小板及血浆等关键功能模块，推动人工血液研究的临床转化，从而为开发更安全、高效的新一代血液替代品提供重要支撑。

Abstract

Artificial blood refers to oxygen-carrying liquid formulations that can partially substitute the functions of blood. Its development seeks to lessen reliance on donor supplies

alleviate shortages

and reduce transfusion-related risks. In recent years

advances in synthetic biology have driven notable progress in both the functional reconstruction and the system-level integration of the principal components of artificial blood—red blood cells

platelets

and plasma. Taking a synthetic-biology perspective

this review summarizes construction strategies and recent advances in these aspects. For artificial red blood cells

three complementary strategies have be proven to be highly effective: the rational optimization of hemoglobin structure

the reconstruction of heme-biosynthetic pathways to balance cofactor supply with globin expression

and biomimetic membrane encapsulation. Together

these strategies enhance oxygen-delivery efficiency and improve

in vivo

stability. In the platelet module

stem-cell programming and gene programming have markedly increased production efficiency

offering a path toward more controllable and scalable sources that are independent of donor availability. For artificial plasma

optimizing the expression of core functional proteins and designing multifunctional fusion proteins provide new possibilities for maintaining circulating volume and supporting immune function. The review also discusses key challenges that currently limit the translation. Present research remains largely focused on single functional modules

and substantial bottlenecks persist in biocompatibility

long-term stability

large-scale manufacturing

and the establishment of robust quality-standard systems. Addressing these gaps require standardized evaluation criteria spanning safety

potency

and stability

alongside reproducible processes suitable for clinical-grade production. In the futu

the field can leverage modular design principles in combination with artificial-intelligence assistance to integrate red-cell

platelet

and plasma functions into coherent

programmable architectures. Such integrative strategies are expected to accelerate the pathway from laboratory concepts to clinical applications and to support the development of safer and more effective next-generation blood substitutes. By integrating synthetic-biology toolkits with rigorous quality control and scalable production

artificial blood research is poised for clinical translation. This progress promises practical solutions for oxygen transport

volume maintenance

and immune support in settings with limited blood supplies or high transfusion risks.

关键词

Keywords

references

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