Plant artificial chromosomes: current research progress and future application perspectives

PU Ya; JIAO Yuling

doi:10.12211/2096-8280.2025-089

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Plant artificial chromosomes: current research progress and future application perspectives

Invited Review | 更新时间：2025-11-12

- Plant artificial chromosomes: current research progress and future application perspectives
- Synthetic Biology Journal Vol. 6, Issue 5, Pages: 1072-1092(2025)
- 作者机构：
  
  1.北京大学生命科学学院，基因功能研究与操控全国重点实验室，北京 100871
  2.北京大学前沿交叉学科研究院，北京大学-清华大学生命科学联合中心，北京大学定量生物学中心，北京 100871
- 作者简介：
- 基金信息：
- DOI：10.12211/2096-8280.2025-089
  CLC： Q812
- Received：01 September 2025，
  
  Revised：2025-09-26，
  
  Published：31 October 2025
- 稿件说明：
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蒲娅，焦雨铃. 植物人工染色体的研究现状与应用前景［J］. 合成生物学， 2025， 6（5）： 1072-1092

PU Ya， JIAO Yuling. Plant artificial chromosomes： current research progress and future application perspectives［J］. Synthetic Biology Journal， 2025， 6（5）： 1072-1092
蒲娅，焦雨铃. 植物人工染色体的研究现状与应用前景［J］. 合成生物学， 2025， 6（5）： 1072-1092 DOI： 10.12211/2096-8280.2025-089.

PU Ya， JIAO Yuling. Plant artificial chromosomes： current research progress and future application perspectives［J］. Synthetic Biology Journal， 2025， 6（5）： 1072-1092 DOI： 10.12211/2096-8280.2025-089.

摘要

由于生物科学与技术的持续革新，传统基因工程的局限性日益凸显。随着合成生物学的迅猛发展，植物人工染色体（plant artificial chromosome，PAC）应运而生。PAC不仅加深了我们对染色体结构与功能的理解，还可作为人为设计与构建的相对独立的工具型染色体，能够避免位置效应与不利连锁现象，为多基因协同表达、复杂性状组合以及完整代谢通路的构建提供高效平台。本文总结了PAC的研究历史和现状，包括截短改造内源染色体与组装染色体元件构建PAC的策略、从头设计与合成染色体片段以实现基因组的改写、功能性着丝粒的构建以及DNA大片段转移技术。讨论了该领域发展所面临的挑战，包括着丝粒合成的复杂性、DNA大片段转移困难、PAC的不稳定性。展望了PAC在染色体基础研究、合成生物技术及农业基因工程中的广阔应用前景。

Abstract

Continuous and remarkable innovation in biology and biotechnology has increasingly exposed the limitations of traditional genetic engineering

including random integration of transgenes and challenges in regulating multiple genes

in both basic research and practical applications. With the rapid advancement of synthetic biology

which emphasizes the design and construction of novel biological systems with predefined functions

plant artificial chromosomes (PACs) have emerged as a pivotal development. PACs not only deepen our understanding of chromosome structure and function at the molecular level but also serve as precisely engineered chromosomal vectors. These constructs effectively avoid position effects and linkage drag

providing a robust platform for the co-expression of multiple genes

stacking of complex traits

and engineering of metabolic pathways.This review summarizes the history

progress

and current status of PACs research

highlighting various construction strategies. This includes truncating and modifying endogenous chromosomes

assembling chromosomal elements

such as telomeres

centromeres

and replication origins

to construct PACs

as well as

de novo

designing and synthesizing chromosomal fragments for genome rewriting. The latter approach involves creating entirely new DNA sequences tailored to specific research or application needs. In addition

the review also addresses the critical challenges of constructing functional centromeres

which are essential for accurate chromosome segregation during cell division

and explores techniques for

delivering large DNA fragments into plant cells — a crucial step for the efficient introduction of PACs. Furthermore

this paper highlights persistent challenges in the field

such as difficulties in synthesizing centromere

technical bottlenecks in delivering large DNA fragments

and the instability of artificial chromosomes. Finally

it highlights the extensive application potential of PACs in basic chromosome research

synthetic biotechnology

and agricultural genetic engineering. By integrating emerging technologies such as gene editing and AI-driven design

PACs are poised to become core tools for elucidating chromosomal mechanisms

enabling precise crop improvement

and advancing green biomanufacturing. This integration will drive sustainable agricultural development and breakthroughs in plant science.

关键词

Keywords

references

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