Construction and application of plant artificial chromosomes

WEI Jiaxiu; JI Peiyun; JIE Qingyu; HUANG Qiuyan; YE Hao; DAI Junbiao

doi:10.12211/2096-8280.2025-086

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Construction and application of plant artificial chromosomes

Invited Review | 更新时间：2025-11-12

- Construction and application of plant artificial chromosomes
- Synthetic Biology Journal Vol. 6, Issue 5, Pages: 1093-1106(2025)
- 作者机构：
  
  1.中国农业科学院农业基因组研究所，农业农村部合成生物学重点实验室，广东省岭南现代农业实验室，广东深圳 518120
  2.中国科学院深圳先进技术研究院合成生物学研究所，广东省合成基因组学重点实验室，深圳市合成基因组学重点实验室，定量合成生物学重点实验室，广东深圳 518055
- 作者简介：
- 基金信息：
- DOI：10.12211/2096-8280.2025-086
  CLC： Q812
- Received：20 August 2025，
  
  Revised：2025-09-27，
  
  Published：31 October 2025
- 稿件说明：
移动端阅览
魏家秀，嵇佩云，节庆雨，黄秋燕，叶浩，戴俊彪. 植物人工染色体的构建与应用［J］. 合成生物学， 2025， 6（5）： 1093-1106

WEI Jiaxiu， JI Peiyun， JIE Qingyu， HUANG Qiuyan， YE Hao， DAI Junbiao. Construction and application of plant artificial chromosomes［J］. Synthetic Biology Journal， 2025， 6（5）： 1093-1106
魏家秀，嵇佩云，节庆雨，黄秋燕，叶浩，戴俊彪. 植物人工染色体的构建与应用［J］. 合成生物学， 2025， 6（5）： 1093-1106 DOI： 10.12211/2096-8280.2025-086.

WEI Jiaxiu， JI Peiyun， JIE Qingyu， HUANG Qiuyan， YE Hao， DAI Junbiao. Construction and application of plant artificial chromosomes［J］. Synthetic Biology Journal， 2025， 6（5）： 1093-1106 DOI： 10.12211/2096-8280.2025-086.

摘要

植物人工染色体（PAC）是一种人工构建、能在植物细胞中独立复制并稳定遗传的染色体载体，具有高度工程化潜力。其核心优势在于能够承载超大容量基因模块并且独立于天然染色体系统，被视为一种潜在的通用基因操作平台，具有遗传稳定性与安全性。本文从合成生物学视角，系统评述了PAC的构建策略、递送技术，并讨论了其在植物核外基因组中的研究进展。当前，PAC构建主要采取自上而下与自下而上两种策略。然而，PAC的大容量也使其递送更为困难。PAC的构建不仅能在染色体尺度上改造现有植物，更能通过构建全新的基因网络和代谢途径，尝试设计和创造自然界尚未存在的、具有特殊功能或属性的新生命形式，极大地拓展了合成生物学在植物领域的疆界。为充分释放这一潜力，未来研究需攻克超大DNA片段合成与递送的技术瓶颈，持续优化其遗传稳定性，并深度融合人工智能与合成生物技术，以实现PAC的精准设计与高效功能调控，从而驱动其在农业、医药及环保等领域的突破性应用。

Abstract

Plant artificial chromosomes (PACs) are human-designed chromosomes that can independently replicate and are stably inherited in plant cells

offering significant potential for genetic engineering. A key advantage of PACs lies in their capacity to accommodate large genetic cassettes while functioning independently of the host genome

establishing PACs as a versatile platform for stable and biosafe genetic manipulation. This review systematically outlines current strategies for PAC construction

methodologies

and future application prospects from a synthetic biology perspective. Current strategies for PAC construction are broadly categorized into top-down and bottom-up approaches. The top-down strategy utilizes endogenous chromosomal elements through techniques such as telomere-mediated chromosomal truncation (TMCT) to generate minichromosomes. In contrast

the bottom-up strategy focuses on the

de novo

assembly of functional elements

such as centromeres

telomeres

and autonomous replication sequences to synthesize novel chromosomes. Significant progress has also been made in developing extra-nuclear PACs based on plastid or mit

ochondrial genomes

which benefits from prokaryotic-like transcription and translation systems and offer higher transgene containment. However

the efficient delivery of large PAC constructs into plant cells remains a major technical hurdle. This review evaluates various delivery methodologies to address this challenge. By enabling high-capacity

chromosome-scale engineering

PACs significantly expand the scope of synthetic biology

supporting not only large-scale genomic modifications in existing species but also the

de novo

design of synthetic gene networks and metabolic pathways. Delivering large PAC constructs into plant cells remains a major bottleneck

and the review evaluates various methods. By enabling chromosomal-level engineering

PACs expand the scope of synthetic biology. Beyond supporting large-scale modifications in existing plants

PACs also allow the

de novo

assembly of novel gene networks and metabolic pathways

paving the way for engineering plant systems with novel

non-native traits and functions. To fully unleash this potential

several technical challenges must be addressed

including efficient synthesis and delivery of large DNA fragments

enhancement of genetic stability

and the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) with synthetic biology for precise design and functional optimization of PACs. Through iterative design-build-test-learn (DBTL) cycles

PACs can be developed into predictable and stable biological systems. The convergence of these approaches is expected to drive transformative applications across agriculture

pharmaceuticals

and ecology.

关键词

Keywords

references

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