Advances in biological recovery of key battery metals

ZHU Siyu; ZHAO Xuanye; YU Wenjing; CAO Jingtian; LIU Sihui; QIAN Wenda; JIA Haiyang

doi:10.12211/2096-8280.2025-022

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Advances in biological recovery of key battery metals

Invited Review | 更新时间：2026-01-15

- Advances in biological recovery of key battery metals
- Synthetic Biology Journal Vol. 6, Issue 6, Pages: 1349-1366(2025)
- 作者机构：
  
  1.北京理工大学医学技术学院，北京 100081
  2.北京理工大学化学与化工学院，北京 102488
  3.北京理工大学生命学院，北京 100081
- 作者简介：
- 基金信息：
- DOI：10.12211/2096-8280.2025-022
  CLC： Q819
- Received：24 March 2025，
  
  Revised：2025-06-23，
  
  Published：31 December 2025
- 稿件说明：
移动端阅览
朱思羽，赵炫烨，虞雯静，曹竞天，刘思慧，钱文达，贾海洋. 生物法回收电池关键金属研究进展［J］. 合成生物学， 2025， 6（6）： 1349-1366

ZHU Siyu， ZHAO Xuanye， YU Wenjing， CAO Jingtian， LIU Sihui， QIAN Wenda， JIA Haiyang. Advances in biological recovery of key battery metals［J］. Synthetic Biology Journal， 2025， 6（6）： 1349-1366
朱思羽，赵炫烨，虞雯静，曹竞天，刘思慧，钱文达，贾海洋. 生物法回收电池关键金属研究进展［J］. 合成生物学， 2025， 6（6）： 1349-1366 DOI： 10.12211/2096-8280.2025-022.

ZHU Siyu， ZHAO Xuanye， YU Wenjing， CAO Jingtian， LIU Sihui， QIAN Wenda， JIA Haiyang. Advances in biological recovery of key battery metals［J］. Synthetic Biology Journal， 2025， 6（6）： 1349-1366 DOI： 10.12211/2096-8280.2025-022.

摘要

随着新一轮能源革命的加速推进，锂离子电池作为核心储能器件正迎来爆发式增长。然而快速增长的产能背后，大量退役电池引发的资源浪费和环境污染问题日益凸显。这些废弃电池中蕴藏着丰富的锂、钴、镍等高价值战略金属资源，若不妥善回收，不仅造成巨大经济损失，还会因重金属泄漏对生态环境构成严重威胁。传统的火法冶金和湿法冶金回收工艺都存在能耗高、污染重等问题，难以满足绿色发展需求。生物法回收技术凭借其低碳排放、低运营成本和环境友好的显著优势，已成为当前研究热点。本文系统阐述了生物浸出、生物吸附、生物富集和生物矿化等生物法回收技术的核心机制，详细分析了微生物代谢产酸浸出、功能菌株筛选吸附、基因工程改造以及矿化产物应用等关键环节的技术突破。生物法回收不仅可缓解关键金属资源短缺，还将推动绿色冶金领域的革新，为循环经济提供新的技术范式，有望在未来逐步实现工业化应用，助力全球锂电产业的可持续发展。

Abstract

With the rapid expansion of lithium-ion battery (LIB) production driven by the global energy transition

the disposal of end-of-life batteries has emerged as a critical challenge due to resource depletion and environmental hazards. Conventional pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical recycling methods

while dominant

face significant drawbacks such as high energy consumption (exceeding 1000 ℃ for pyrometallurgy)

substantial carbon emissions (about 3.5 tons CO

/ton of batteries)

and toxic wastewater generation (pH

2～3 tons/ton of batteries)

underscoring the urgent need for sustainable alternatives. Biological recovery technologies

leveraging microbial metabolic activities

have gained prominence as eco-friendly

low-cost solutions for reclaiming strategic metals like lithium

cobalt

nickel

and manganese. This review systematically examines four core biotechnological approaches—bioleaching

biosorption

bioaccumulation

and biomineralization—detailing their mechanisms

advancements

and industrial scalability. Bioleaching

facilitated by acidophilic bacteria (

e.g.

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans

A. thiooxidans

) and fungi (

e.g.

Aspergillus niger

)

employs microbial metabolites such as organic acids (citric

gluconic) and Fe³⁺/H₂SO₄ to dissolve metal oxides from battery “black mass

” achieving recovery rates of 60%～80% for Li and 85%～90% for Co/Ni under optimized conditions (30～40 ℃

pH 1.5～3.0). Innovations in fungal strain engineering and co-culture systems (

e.g

sulfur- and iron-oxidizing bacteria) have enhanced leaching kinetics and metal selectivity

while response surface methodology (RSM) has optimized parameters like pulp density (1∶5～1∶10) and aeration (1 L/min). Biosorption exploits functional group

s (

e.g.

carboxyl

amino) on microbial cell walls to immobilize metal ions via electrostatic interactions

with engineered strains like

Escherichia coli

expressing metallothioneins demonstrating 7-fold higher Ni²⁺ uptake. Bioaccumulation

enabled by synthetic biology

focuses on intracellular metal transport systems

such as NikABCDE transporters

though challenges like metabolic burden and metal toxicity persist. Biomineralization harnesses microorganisms (

e.g

sulfate-reducing bacteria) to precipitate dissolved metals as stable minerals (

e.g

MnCO

NiS)

which can be directly converted into electrode materials. For instance

fungal-synthesized MnCO

-derived MycMnO

/C composites exhibit exceptional supercapacitor performance (

350 F/g) and LIB cycling stability (

90% capacity retention after 200 cycles). Despite these advances

bottlenecks remain

including prolonged leaching cycles

scalability limitations

and the need for genetic engineering to enhance microbial metal tolerance and acid production. Emerging strategies

such as CRISPR-Cas9-mediated pathway optimization

biomimetic ion channels (

e.g

-pillar[5

]

arene for Li

selectivity)

and hybrid biohydrometallurgical processes

promise to bridge these gaps. Coupled with policy incentives and declining operational costs (projected at $1000～2000/ton

25%～40% lower than hydrometallurgy)

bio-recovery technologies are poised to revolutionize the LIB recycling industry

aligning with circular economy principles and achieving near-zero carbon emissions (

0.5 tons CO

/ton of batteries). Future research should focus on the convergence of synthetic biology

materials science

and process engineering to achieve industrial-scale implementation

ultimately fostering a truly sustainable and resilient battery supply chain.

关键词

Keywords

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