Biosynthesis and manufacture of microbial oils and vegetable oils

SU Juanjuan; ZHENG Jiawen; MIAO Runze; HAN Peng; WANG Shi’an; LI Fuli

doi:10.12211/2096-8280.2024-093

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Biosynthesis and manufacture of microbial oils and vegetable oils

Invited Review | 更新时间：2025-11-12

- Biosynthesis and manufacture of microbial oils and vegetable oils
- Synthetic Biology Journal Vol. 6, Issue 5, Pages: 1167-1183(2025)
- 作者机构：
  
  1.中国科学院青岛生物能源与过程研究所，太阳能光电转化与利用全国重点实验室，山东省一碳炼制工程研究中心，青岛新能源山东省实验室，山东青岛 266101
  2.山东能源研究院，山东青岛 266101
  3.中国海洋大学，山东青岛 266100
- 作者简介：
- 基金信息：
- DOI：10.12211/2096-8280.2024-093
  CLC： Q816
- Received：05 December 2024，
  
  Revised：2025-03-28，
  
  Published：31 October 2025
- 稿件说明：
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苏娟娟，郑家文，苗润泽，韩鹏，王士安，李福利. 微生物油脂与植物油脂的合成生物制造［J］. 合成生物学， 2025， 6（5）： 1167-1183

SU Juanjuan， ZHENG Jiawen， MIAO Runze， HAN Peng， WANG Shi’an， LI Fuli. Biosynthesis and manufacture of microbial oils and vegetable oils［J］. Synthetic Biology Journal， 2025， 6（5）： 1167-1183
苏娟娟，郑家文，苗润泽，韩鹏，王士安，李福利. 微生物油脂与植物油脂的合成生物制造［J］. 合成生物学， 2025， 6（5）： 1167-1183 DOI： 10.12211/2096-8280.2024-093.

SU Juanjuan， ZHENG Jiawen， MIAO Runze， HAN Peng， WANG Shi’an， LI Fuli. Biosynthesis and manufacture of microbial oils and vegetable oils［J］. Synthetic Biology Journal， 2025， 6（5）： 1167-1183 DOI： 10.12211/2096-8280.2024-093.

摘要

油脂及脂肪酸衍生物是食品、生物能源、材料以及医药化工的基础原料，需求量大。当前我国油脂供给高度依赖进口油料作物，受限于耕地资源，仅依靠农业种植难以满足需求。合成生物技术的发展为油脂生产提供了新途径，其中微生物油脂合成技术具有原料来源广、生产周期短、不占用耕地等优势，成为缓解油脂资源供应压力的战略选择。本文从大宗油脂和高值油脂的角度，系统综述了微生物油脂和植物油脂合成生物制造的研究现状，分析了植物油脂和微生物油脂的经济性差异，并总结了油脂分离提取及检测技术。未来，从商业化成熟度考量，高值油脂在短期内有望快速发展，而大宗油脂在中远期具有广阔前景。通过合成生物技术构建高效油脂合成的微生物细胞工厂，推动全链条低成本生物炼制技术，有望创新油脂生产方式，促进油脂产业多元化发展。

Abstract

Oils and fatty acid derivatives are essential raw materials across various industries

including food

bioenergy

functional materials

and pharmaceutical chemicals

with significant global demand. Currently

China heavily relies on imported oilseed crops

and the cultivation of oil crops is constrained by limited arable land

making it difficult to meet the growing demand for oils. The development of synthetic biology offers a promising solution

particularly through the microbial oil synthesis technology

which utilizes renewable resources to produce oils

presenting a strategic alternative to traditional oil production methods. The work provides a comprehensive overview of the current research progress in the biosynthesis and biomanufacturing of microbial oils and vegetable oils. It highlights the commercial demonstration cases of microbial synthesis for high-value oils

including arachidonic acid (ARA)

eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)

and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). It also presents the industrial demonstration cases of bulk oil synthesis

such as biorefining technology that utilizes lignocellulosic materials. The economic differences between vegetable oils and microbial oils are analyzed

emphasizing the challenges and opportunities in cost reduction and scalability. Additionally

the review summarizes the technologies for oil separation

extraction

and detection

which are critical for improving the efficiency and quality of oil production. Looking ahead

high-value oils are expected to undergo rapid development in the short term

driven by their applications in health

nutrition

and specialty chemicals. In the medium to long term

microbial bulk oils hold great potential

especially through the utilization of non-food feedstocks such as lignocellulosic biomass and industrial waste

enabling the transition to a circular economy in the oil industry. The integration of synthetic biology tools

including genetic engineering

metabolic pathway optimization

and high-throughput screening

will be essential for constructing efficient microbial cell factories capable of producing oils with high yields and tailored compositions. Furthermore

the development of low-cost

full-chain biorefining technologies will be crucial for overcoming the economic barriers to large-scale microbial oil production. By addressing these challenges

microbial oils have the potential to revolutionize traditional oil production methods

offering sustainable and environmentally friendly alternatives to meet the increasing global demand for oils. This review underscores the importance of continued research and innovation in synthetic biology and biomanufacturing to unlock the full potential of microbial and plant oils in various industrial applications.

关键词

Keywords

references

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