Cytoplasmic concentration: an old question and a new parameter in cell biology

LI Qian; FERRELL JR. James E.; CHEN Yuping

doi:10.12211/2096-8280.2024-086

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Cytoplasmic concentration: an old question and a new parameter in cell biology

Invited Review | 更新时间：2025-07-07

- Cytoplasmic concentration: an old question and a new parameter in cell biology
- Synthetic Biology Journal Vol. 6, Issue 3, Pages: 497-515(2025)
- 作者机构：
  
  1.中国科学院深圳先进技术研究院，定量合成生物学全国重点实验室，深圳合成生物学创新研究院，广东深圳 518055
  2.斯坦福大学医学院化学与系统生物学系，美国加利福尼亚州斯坦福 94305
  3.斯坦福大学医学院生物化学系，美国加利福尼亚州斯坦福 94305
- 作者简介：
- 基金信息：
- DOI：10.12211/2096-8280.2024-086
  CLC： Q816
- Received：02 December 2024，
  
  Revised：2025-03-04，
  
  Published：30 June 2025
- 稿件说明：
移动端阅览
李倩， FERRELL JR.James E.，陈于平. 细胞质浓度：细胞生物学的老问题、新参数［J］. 合成生物学， 2025， 6（3）： 497-515

LI Qian， FERRELL JR. James E.， CHEN Yuping. Cytoplasmic concentration： an old question and a new parameter in cell biology［J］. Synthetic Biology Journal， 2025， 6（3）： 497-515
李倩， FERRELL JR.James E.，陈于平. 细胞质浓度：细胞生物学的老问题、新参数［J］. 合成生物学， 2025， 6（3）： 497-515 DOI： 10.12211/2096-8280.2024-086.

LI Qian， FERRELL JR. James E.， CHEN Yuping. Cytoplasmic concentration： an old question and a new parameter in cell biology［J］. Synthetic Biology Journal， 2025， 6（3）： 497-515 DOI： 10.12211/2096-8280.2024-086.

摘要

细胞质浓度是细胞生理的重要参数，影响几乎所有生化反应，参与调节细胞生物学过程。近年来，随着显微技术、微流控技术以及合成生物学的发展，研究细胞质浓度的工具不断涌现，促进了对细胞质浓度稳态的调控机理及细胞质生物学的探索，增强了对细胞质浓度参与细胞生理调控的理解。本文介绍了监测细胞质浓度的新方法、新数据，归纳了细胞质浓度稳态调控机制，总结了细胞质浓度在生理生化过程中发挥的作用，从理论和实验角度探讨了细胞质浓度异质性的功能和调控机制，介绍并扩充了细胞质浓度在反应速率、稳态调节中的理论研究。目前对于细胞质浓度的研究在稳态决定机制、与其他生理过程的相互作用及合成生物学中的应用方面还有诸多难题亟待突破。细胞质浓度的探究正逐渐形成一个活跃的研究领域，在多学科交叉、理解生命、人类健康、合成细胞等方面将有重大进展。

Abstract

Cytoplasmic concentration is an important parameter in cell physiology

influencing almost all biochemical reactions

playing key roles in regulating various cellular biological processes. However

studying cytoplasmic concentration has been particularly challenging due to its inherent complexity

the difficulty of direct manipulation

and the lack of precise measurement techniques for intact cells. In recent years

advances in microscopy

microfluidics

and synthetic biology have led to the development of novel tools for studying cytoplasmic concentration

such as Quantitative Phase Microscopy

Stimulated Raman Scattering Microscopy

and Genetically Encoded Multimers for single-particle tracking

etc

. These advanced tools have enabled researchers to explore the regulation of cytoplasmic concentration

mechanism of the concentration homeostasis

and their influences

on cellular physiology

providing deeper insights into their roles in physiological regulations. In this review

we explore both historical and recent advances in methods and overview data regarding cytoplasmic concentration

summarize the molecular and systematic mechanisms that govern its homeostatic regulation

and highlight its roles in physiological and biochemical processes. Specifically

we discuss the key biological processes that influence cytoplasmic concentration

including mitotic swelling

genome dilution

protein synthesis and degradation

and importantly

the heterogeneity of cytoplasmic concentration that arises from local subcellular structure and thermodynamic fluctuation. Furthermore

we expand on connections between cytoplasmic concentration

cellular aging

signal transduction

cellular differentiation

and microtubule assembly dynamics. Additionally

we explore the theoretical interpretation of cytoplasmic concentration in reaction kinetics and its homeostatic regulation

providing evidence from both experimental and theoretical studies on the prevalence of diffusion-limited reactions in biological systems. Despite these advances

significant challenges remain in fully understanding underlying mechanisms of cytoplasmic concentration homeostasis

its complex interactions with other physiological processes

and its potential applications in synthetic biology. Research on cytoplasmic concentration is rapidly evolving into an active field of study

promising major breakthroughs in understanding fundamentals of cellular life

improvement of human health

and engineering of synthetic cells.

关键词

Keywords

references

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