Key technologies for DNA storage: encoding, error correction, random access, and security

XU Huaisheng; SHI Xiaolong; LIU Xiaoguang; XU Miaomiao

doi:10.12211/2096-8280.2024-066

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Key technologies for DNA storage: encoding, error correction, random access, and security

Invited Review | 更新时间：2025-06-20

- Key technologies for DNA storage: encoding, error correction, random access, and security
- Synthetic Biology Journal Vol. 6, Issue 1, Pages: 157-176(2025)
- 作者机构：
  
  1.广州商学院现代信息产业学院，广东广州 511363
  2.广州大学计算科技研究院，广东广州 510006
  3.广州体育学院运动健康学院，广东广州 510620
  4.广州中医药大学体育健康学院，广东广州 510006
- 作者简介：
- 基金信息：
- DOI：10.12211/2096-8280.2024-066
  CLC： Q819
- Received：26 August 2024，
  
  Revised：2024-10-15，
  
  Published：31 January 2025
- 稿件说明：
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徐怀胜，石晓龙，刘晓光，徐苗苗. DNA存储的关键技术：编码、纠错、随机访问与安全性［J］. 合成生物学， 2025， 6（1）： 157-176

XU Huaisheng， SHI Xiaolong， LIU Xiaoguang， XU Miaomiao. Key technologies for DNA storage： encoding， error correction， random access， and security［J］. Synthetic Biology Journal， 2025， 6（1）： 157-176
徐怀胜，石晓龙，刘晓光，徐苗苗. DNA存储的关键技术：编码、纠错、随机访问与安全性［J］. 合成生物学， 2025， 6（1）： 157-176 DOI： 10.12211/2096-8280.2024-066.

XU Huaisheng， SHI Xiaolong， LIU Xiaoguang， XU Miaomiao. Key technologies for DNA storage： encoding， error correction， random access， and security［J］. Synthetic Biology Journal， 2025， 6（1）： 157-176 DOI： 10.12211/2096-8280.2024-066.

摘要

DNA信息存储是一种利用DNA分子作为数据载体的新型存储技术，通过合成特定序列的DNA来编码信息，并通过测序技术实现数据的读出。相比于传统的磁性、光学和电子存储介质，DNA存储在存储密度、数据保存时间和能源效率等方面具有显著优势，且不易受电磁干扰的影响。随着全球数据总量的猛增，DNA存储以其高效的存储能力、潜在的低维护成本和易于合成的化学特性，逐渐成为研究热点。本文首先介绍了DNA存储的基本流程，然后综述了DNA信息存储涉及的关键技术，尤其是编码策略、纠错技术、随机访问及DNA信息加密的研究进展。探讨了当前DNA存储技术的发展现状和主要挑战，如高成本、写入和读取速度慢等问题，并提出了可能的技术改进方向。并展望了DNA存储未来的发展前景，强调其在大数据时代的潜在应用和革命性影响，指出了实现商业化应用所需解决的关键技术瓶颈。

Abstract

DNA information storage is a new technology that uses DNA molecules as data carriers. It encodes information for synthesizing DNA with a specific sequence and reads out data through sequencing technology. Compared with traditional magnetic

optical

and electronic storage media

DNA storage has significant advantages in data density

retention duration

energy efficiency

and security

since it is not easily affected by electromagnetic interference. With the rapid increase in the total amount of global data

DNA storage has gradually become a research hotspot with its efficient storage capacity

low maintenance cost

and unique chemical property for synthesizing easily. However

DNA storage technology is still in its early stages of development and there are still many technical bottlenecks to be addressed. For example

an important advantage of DNA storage is its ultra-high storage density and long-term stability. However

achieving these goals require overcoming many technical challenges

such as reducing the error rate for synthesis and improving the encoding efficiency. Understanding existing key technologies

such as DNA encoding

error correction

random access

and DNA information encryption

can help identify and address those shortcomings

thereby promoting further technological innovation and development in DNA storage. Encoding strategy is one of the core aspects of DNA storage technology

directly determining data storage efficiency

reading accuracy

and error correction capability. To achieve efficient and stable DNA information storage

it is essential to develop more advanced encoding algorithms to enhance storage density

reduce synthesis and sequencing error rates

and ensure data accuracy and integrity. Moreover

the information security of DNA storage is becoming increasingly important

particularly in terms of data and privacy protection. As a potential data carrier

DNA storage needs to address challenges related to data encryption

information security

and tamper-proof to ensure data confidentiality and integrity. Therefore

integrating modern cryptographic techniques with DNA storage to establish a secure and reliable information storage system has become a key research focus in this field. This article first introduces the basic process of DNA storage

and then reviews the key technologies involved in DNA information storage

especially the research progress of encoding strategies

error correction technology

random access and DNA information encryption. In addition

the current development status and main challenges of DNA storage technology are also discussed. For example

the scale of DNA data storage in the laboratory is small

and the operation time for synthesis is long. Moreover

most DNA storage steps rely on experimenters

making it difficult to automate the information storage and reading process. With the advancement of synthetic biology and encoding and decoding methods

we believe that these bottlenecks will be solved in the near future

and promote the transformation of technology from laboratory research to practical applications.

关键词

Keywords

references

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