Release mechanism， function and application in environmental biology of bacterial extracellular DNA

ZHANG Baocai; LI Teng; GUO yunxue; LIU shengnan; SONG hao; LI Feng

doi:10.12211/2096-8280.2026-015

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Release mechanism， function and application in environmental biology of bacterial extracellular DNA

更新时间：2026-05-09

- Release mechanism， function and application in environmental biology of bacterial extracellular DNA
- Synthetic Biology Journal Pages: 1-26(2026)
- 作者机构：
  
  1.天津大学，合成生物与生物制造学院，天津 300372
  2.天津大学，合成生物技术全国重点实验室，天津 300372
  3.东北大学，生命科学与健康学院，辽宁沈阳 110169
- 作者简介：
- 基金信息：
- DOI：10.12211/2096-8280.2026-015
  CLC： Q89
- Received：10 March 2026，
  
  Revised：2026-05-06，
  
  Online First：09 May 2026，
- 稿件说明：
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张保财，李腾，郭云雪，刘胜男，宋浩，李锋. 细菌胞外DNA释放机制、功能及环境生物学应用［J］. 合成生物学， 2026， 7. DOI： 10.12211/2096-8280.2026-015

ZHANG Baocai， LI Teng， GUO yunxue， LIU shengnan， SONG hao， LI Feng. Release mechanism， function and application in environmental biology of bacterial extracellular DNA［J］. Synthetic Biology Journal， 2026， 7. DOI： 10.12211/2096-8280.2026-015
张保财，李腾，郭云雪，刘胜男，宋浩，李锋. 细菌胞外DNA释放机制、功能及环境生物学应用［J］. 合成生物学， 2026， 7. DOI： 10.12211/2096-8280.2026-015 DOI：

ZHANG Baocai， LI Teng， GUO yunxue， LIU shengnan， SONG hao， LI Feng. Release mechanism， function and application in environmental biology of bacterial extracellular DNA［J］. Synthetic Biology Journal， 2026， 7. DOI： 10.12211/2096-8280.2026-015 DOI：

摘要

胞外脱氧核糖核酸（Extracellular DNA，eDNA）作为环境中重要的遗传物质组成成分，在细菌群落结构维持与遗传信息传播中的功能逐渐受到重视。本文系统梳理了细菌eDNA的释放机制、功能属性及其环境应用。首先，介绍了细胞裂解依赖型和分泌依赖型释放机制，以及群体感应对其精细调控机制；其次，概述了细菌eDNA作为结构性基质和生态位构建因子、生物膜内部的遗传信息交换平台、胞外电子传递过程中的重要介质，揭示其在细菌生命周期与环境适应中的多维作用；随后，综述了eDNA在环境基因风险评估、生态环境物种监测、环境污染物修复以及环境生物膜污染控制方面的研究进展，强调其在抗性基因、毒力基因等功能遗传单元环境持留与水平传播中的载体作用，及其对致病微生物定植潜在的影响，揭示其作为连接分子机制、群落行为与环境效应关键纽带的环境生物学意义。最后，针对当前在释放机制整合、结构异质性与功能耦合、环境情境下命运归趋及应用过程中的风险控制等方面仍存在的关键瓶颈，讨论了未来从多尺度机制解析、原位过程表征、生态效应评估与安全应用协同等方向开展深入研究的必要性，以推动eDNA研究由现象描述向机制整合与理性应用拓展。

Abstract

Extracellular DNA (eDNA)

an important component of environmental genetic material

has received increasing attention in environmental microbiology because of its diverse roles in bacterial community organization

genetic information transfer

and microbial adaptation to complex habitats. Unlike intracellular genomic DNA

bacterial eDNA exists outside cells in free

particle-associated

or matrix-bound forms

and can participate directly in ecological and biogeochemical processes. This review systematically summarizes current advances in the release mechanisms

functional attributes

environmental implications

and potential applications of bacterial eDNA. First

the major pathways responsible for eDNA release are discussed

including cell lysis-dependent mechanisms

such as autolysis

phage-induced lysis

and stress-triggered cell disruption

as well as secretion-dependent mechanisms mediated by membrane vesicles

secretion systems

and active export processes. Particular attention is given to quorum sensing

which can finely regulate eDNA production in response to population density

nutrient conditions

and environmental stress

thereby linking individual cellular processes with collective bacterial behavior. Second

the multifunctional roles of eDNA in bacterial ecosystems are reviewed. As a structural component of extracellular polymeric substances

eDNA contributes to biofilm formation

mechanical stability

surface adhesion

and niche construction. As a reservoir and platform for genetic exchange within biofilms

eDNA facilitates natural transformation and horizontal gene transfer

enhancing bacterial adaptability and evolutionary potential. In addition

eDNA may act as an important mediator in extracellular electron transfer

influencing microbial energy metabolism and redox-related environmental processes. Third

this review summarizes recent progress in the use of eDNA in environmental genetic risk assessment

biodiversity and species monitoring

pollutant bioremediation

and biofilm contamination control. Special emphasis is placed on the persistence and dissemination of functional genetic elements carried by eDNA

particularly antibiotic resistance genes and virulence genes

as well as their possible contribution to pathogen colonization and ecological health risks. These findings highlight eDNA as a critical link connecting molecular mechanisms

microbial community behavior

and environmental consequences. Finally

key challenges are discussed

including the integration of multiple release mechanisms

the relationship between structural heterogeneity and ecological function

the fate and transformation of eDNA under realistic environmental conditions

and risk control during environmental applications. Future studies should combine multiscale mechanistic analysis

in situ characterization

ecological effect evaluation

and biosafety-oriented application strategies

thereby promoting the development of eDNA research from descriptive observation toward mechanistic understanding and rational environmental implementation.

关键词

Keywords

references

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